Invoking State Responsibility in the Twenty-First Century

This essay reviews the articles on the invocation of state responsibility, and notes where they represent progressive development of international Law. It then surveys a wide range of contemporary situations where individuals, other non-state entities, and international organizations involve state responsibility by initiating judicial or other formal complaint proceedings. The essay concludes that, in light of this contemporary practice, the articles usefully advance the codification and development of international Law but do not deal sufficiently with the right of individuals and non-state entities to invoke the responsibility of states.