An Inquiry into Realism and the Types of Realism in the Poetry of Fereydoun Tavalali

Realism emerged as a literary school in the nineteenth century following philosophical, scientific, and socio-political developments; But attention to reality is unprecedented in the West and in ancient Persian literature. The manifestation of bitter social realities in contemporary literature became a tool for the rise of constitutionalism. From the post-constitutional period, we are confronted with realist views along with socialist tendencies. These tendencies intensified with the resignation of Reza Shah from power. Prominent contemporary poet Fereydoun Tolly began his literary and artistic career from this period. He was able to connect the poetics of traditional and free poetry. His decisive and influential presence in the new lyrical and romantic poetry caused the other aspect of his poetry, which is realism, to disappear. The present study deals with this part of his poems by descriptiveanalytical method. Research achievements show; Tolley, who in the first period of poetry was the voice of his time and followed the unrelenting struggle against colonialism, tyranny and hegemony of colonialism with the approach of social realism with enthusiasm and appeal to humor, followed the bitterness of the defeat of the national movement in . And from now on, the realist expressions in his poetry were limited to the traditional way, both descriptive and protest. In his last two books, however, he protested realism became more pronounced.