Passive defense in Imam Ali's military measures with emphasis on Nahj al-Balaghah

Passive defense refers to a set of measures that do not require the use of weapons and ammunition and by implementing it, it is possible to prevent financial damage to vital, sensitive and important military and civilian equipment and facilities, as well as human casualties or reduce the amount of damage and casualties caused by enemy attacks and bombings to a minimum. The history of applying the principles of passive defense dates back to primitive humans. In this study, it was found that the principles of passive defense that Imam Ali (as) has used in his wars are: explaining the purpose of jihad, strengthening the spirit of martyrdom, weakening the enemy's psychological strength, choosing the appropriate combat position, monitoring enemy activity and Warning, determining reserve and precautionary forces, maintaining military secrets, obedience to the commander, training, protecting and defending the weaker and wounded, tactical retreat.