Comparison of Democratic Orders in termsof the Capacity of Political Participation

Although in democracies the people are an essential element in determining the agents and decision-makings, but the type of their political participation in different political orders, in accordance with the principles and structure of that, takes a different form. While, presently, in the theory ascribed to the Sunnis (the Modern caliphate) elite participation is recognized, democratic institutions are embedded in the political system, and the limitation of the rulers' power is recognized as official, in the political order of the constitutional monarchy, many capacities accepted in modern societies regarding political participation, such as: freedom of choice, equality and parliament, have been used to reject tyranny. Meanwhile, in the order of religious democracy, not only many capacities of political participation have been accepted and applied, but also the participatory solutions accepted in this system have been documented by means of Shari'a and have taken on a local form. Explaining and describing the components of three types of political systems: the new caliphate, constitutional monarchy and religious democracy, this article examines and compares the position of the people and the capacities of each of these political systems regarding their political participation.