Literature and introduce of Land Surface Models (LSMs)

The land surface is one of the main elements that located on between the atmosphere and lithosphere. Changes in land surface characteristics affect surface water balance. In particular, change in the nature of vegetation affect interception and transpiration. Change in vegetation distribution alter the balance between soil-induced fluxes and obtained through canopy processes. Changes in evapotranspiration, soil evaporation, re-evaporation from interception, etc. affect runoff and soil moisture. Then these affect a variety of other processes by linking to the surface energy balance. In order to investigate the surface-atmosphere interactions in hydrological scales, it is necessary to use surface models, which have been developed with the aim of determining the lower atmospheric boundary conditions for numerical-atmospheric models. This study intends to present and introduce land surface models on a regional and global scale. The method of the present research is descriptive-review and means of collecting information, documents related to the subject. Studies show that land surface models are used to provide simulations of water balance, energy balance and carbon balance for further study and understanding on a regional and global scale, which can be effectively applied and recognized by these models at different Temporal-spatial scales, it is possible to study the relationship between the surface of the earth and climatic models, hydrology, and as a result, a better understanding of the behavior of their two components.