Different methods of monitoring pests and diseases in forests and rangelands

Iran is located in a strategic region with vast forests and rangelands. To protect natural resources, it is necessary to pay attention to the monitoring methods of pests and diseases in the forests and rangelands as the most important assets of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent biological hazards by continuously monitoring natural resources. There are different and practical methods in monitoring pests and diseases, the most important of which include field, using the country's executive networks, having a comprehensive information network for reporting, database, remote sensing, molecular methods, and the use of light and pheromone traps. The present study investigates the most effective monitoring methods of emerging and reemerging pests and diseases of forests and rangelands.