Explaining the Iranian constitutional movement based on Crane Brinton's theory of revolution

The present article seeks to explain the causes of constitutionalism in Iran based on Crane Brinton's theory of revolution, using a combined approach and method, citing historical evidence, including historiographical sources, memoirs, travelogues, and the press. Brinton's theory of revolution is important because it examines the four great revolutions (France, Russia, Britain, and the United States). The method of the article is historical and theory has been used to explain the developments. Findings indicate that among the preliminary signs that Brinton considers in his theory of revolution, the components of "inefficiency of the government machine", and "change of allegiance of enlightened thinkers" have played a role in the occurrence of Iranian constitutionalism. . The signs of "economic growth," "class strife," and "surprising failure to use force" did not conform to Iranian constitutionalism, and contrary to Brinton's theory, the government and the people were in a difficult economic situation. There was no class conflict in the constitutional movement, and despite the violence in the Grand Mosque and the events leading up to Kobra's migration, due to the dominance of the negotiation process and the Shah's pressure and support for the constitutionalists, it can be said that force was used in the Iranian constitutional movement. And there is no military force to suppress the protesters. The course of events of the movement and its adaptation to Brinton's theory and the four great revolutions show that the Iranian constitutionalism was not a revolution but a movement.