نشریه جستارهای تاریخی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Mirza Malkam Khan known as Nazem-Al-Dole is among the thinkers who has written numerous notes and writings about the clergy and their position in the future of Iran. His most important work was Qanun newspaper which from the viewpoint of most experts, it played a very important role in developing the Constitutional Revolution. The present study intends to examine the motivations and intentions of Mirza Malkam Khan in terms of his attention to religion and specially its missionaries, and it also answers the following question: “What was the position of Shia Ulama (scholars) in the analysis of Malkam about the modernization of Iran?” to answer this question, researchers believe that “Malkam’s attitude towards the Ulama should be based on two “motivations” that are the increasing power of the Ulama and the opportunistic character of Malkam (background and context) in line with two “goals” known as modernization and his taking revenge on Qajar court (intention).” In this regard, the paper will distinguish three attitude towards the clergy in Malkom’s political and intellectual career. To analyze the hypothesis of the present study, Content analysis methodology and the conceptual framework of Political Modernity by Maurice Barbie were used.

"Modern education of history begins with Dar Al-fonoun"; This is apresuppositionfor researchers and historians in the field of history education which have been underlined and accentuated for at least the last half century. The issue of "beginning" has always been one of the most controversial issues in the study of historical phenomena, but this false presupposition has led historians towards a same result and they maintained reaching that over and over again without any doubt.This research has tried to challengeand falsify the mentionedpresupposition by investigating in new documents such as Vaghaye-e-Etefaghiyeh newspaper, Mubarakah school in Dar Al-fonoun, the school budget and expenses, the school codes, official reports, school’s bureaucratic correspondence, newspapers, memoirs, travelogues and historiographic texts.The main issue,on which this study based, isthe impact of institutions and events that had challenged the "traditional historiography paradigm" in the Qajar period, and the Dar al-Fonun School as the first new formal educational institution was examined in terms of the curriculum aiming to show that this school could have played a main role in creating a crisis in traditional historiography.Therefore, following the beginning of teaching history in this school as a "general subject" or "field of study" in historical sources and contemporary research, contradictory results were found; In response to the question: "Was the knowledge of history taught as a field of study or an independent general course in the Dar al-Fonun in the Nasiri and Mozaffari eras - from the beginning of its establishment in 1268 to 1324 AH?" Contemporary historians and scholars have answered this question confidently based on their false faith in an inaccurate presupposition, but the main sources show the opposite. Therefore, in this article, we have examined those researches and criticized their outputsrelying on historical texts and sources, including newly found documents and we have tried to answerthat when and how was the beginning of history education in Dar Al-fonoun? And why are contemporary historians and researchers wander in finding thestarting point?

During the Qajar era, a large number of foreign tourists visited Iran and recorded their observations from this country and wrote about it. It is very important to study and recognize the obstacles, limitations and problems they face when attending Iran and conducting research activities at that time. In this research, using the diaries and travelogues of these tourists and using the method of descriptive-analytical research, we have sought to find answers to these questions: What are the obstacles and difficulties for foreign tourists in understanding Iranian society in the Qajar era? To what extent could these obstacles and restrictions affect the process of activities and goals of these tourists? The research hypothesis is based on the fact that the obstacles, problems and limitations that foreign tourists have faced in Iran, have had a great impact on the process of understanding their society, history and culture. Findings show that various factors such as unfamiliarity with the Persian language, environmental influences, cultural-religious limitations, lack of road facilities and travel difficulties, insecurity, the prevalence of diseases, And time and space limitations have been of the most important obstacles, limitations and difficulties of foreign tourists, which has had many negative effects on the knowledge of Iranian society, history and culture in the Qajar era.

The state as the most important political institution is a modern phenomenon whose critical reflection on how it is formed and functions can reveal many facts about a political system. Due to the importance of the state, many theories have been developed about it, of which the "fragile state" is just one. A weak and fragile state is a relatively comprehensive theory that examines the state, stability, and the realization of the existential goals of a state by examining several indicators. A fragile state is a state that lacks the capacity to control and influence society, regulate social relations, and authoritatively allocate resources. The fragility indicators of the state are a suitable criterion and platform by which one can speak of the success or failure of societies in modern state-building. Accordingly, this study is based on the question of the fragility of the modern democratic state in Iran during the first Pahlavi era. It seams; The process of modern state-building that Reza Shah was considered the founder of; He was not very faithful to the characteristics of a modern democratic state; Because this process took place in this period, it was authoritarian and Reza Shah could not create the necessary logical balance between the different areas of state building. Building a kingdom based on traditional thought was at odds with his efforts to overthrow modern society; A contradiction that had been the twin of this dynasty until the end of Pahlavi's life. In this article, in seeking the reasons for Reza Shah's failure in the project of modern democratic state-building, the theoretical framework of the fragile state of "Carmen and Sami" is emphasized; It addresses the fragility that has its roots in major crises within society, as well as in the functioning of the political system. The theoretical foundation of this paper is based on the fragile state theory and the comparative historical method in the sociological-historical approach.

Abstract Social and historical phenomena and events of each period, if they are original, their scope will be extended to the literary texts of that period.Hafez Shirazi's Divan is a clear example of literature and some historical and social issues. Recognition of historical data in Hafez's court; In addition to knowing more about his poetry and times, he can clarify the degree of overlap and similarity of the historical data of Hafez's divan with the historical sources of this period. Therefore, this paper, with a descriptive-analytical method and possible use of Goldmann's structuralist theory of genetic, seeks to answer the questions of how the historical data of the eighth century in Hafez's divan relate to the historical sources of this period. To what extent has he succeeded in including it in his court?The findings indicate that Hafez, with his high awareness, historiography and analysis of political and historical issues, has included some of the political and historical themes and events of his time in a concise manner and with literary mechanisms in his poetry. . So that one of the secrets of immortality and art of his divan is to provide accurate, delicate and insightful analysis in the face of historical events and happenings of his time. The similarity and overlap of some historical data of Hafez's poetry with the historical events and sources of his time is such that researchers can use it as a historical fact in historiography.

The Persian Empire was founded after the conquest of Cyrus II (559-529B.C). Cyrus II, the founder of Persian Empire, came to power in 559 BC. During 559 to 539 BC, by conquering Ecbatana, Sardis, Babylon and coasts of Asia Minor, Cyrus was able to be the heir of great civilizations such as Assyrian Empire, Elam, Median Kingdom, Lydia and Babylonia. However, there is little or no clear information about the early stages of his life and his coming to power. As sources tell of the early stages of his life, different images emerge. One of these sources that is of great importance is the narrative of Ctesias. Ctesias describes Cyrus as the son of a bandit and a maid of the tribe of Mard, who revolts against them by passing through the stages of power in the Median Valley, transferring power to his family. This image of Cyrus is in contrast to the image presented by other literary and material sources of the Near East and classical Greek texts. In those narratives, Cyrus' place is considered to be the continuation of a royal family. This article aims to analyze the different aspects of narrative of Ctesias and to study why this narrative and the various elements within it have been formed. In this regard, this research will address this issue in a descriptive-analytical and library method, by studying literary and material data of the Achaemenid period.

With the formation of the supreme council of women’s councils in 1338, all female societies were covered by the council. In Dashtestan County, the supreme council began working in 1965. After the dissolution of the council, the Borazjan women’s organization was established in 1971 and was transferred to the osce all facilities of the supreme council. Abstract the present research question is to investigate and explain the activities of the supreme council and womens organization in the period of 1979 - 1979. In this study, we have tried to answer the main question by using descriptive - analytical method and using the main sources of library, archival records and oral history, which has an impact on the cultural, social and cultural status of women?the results of the study show that organised - law and womens organizations by organising literacy classes , training classes , legal and family counseling have led them to improve their status and enhance their cultural , social and cultural status by placing public opinion on their cultural and cultural attitudes .Keywords: The Supreme Council of Women, the Women’s Organization, Women Dashtestan, Local Committees, Family Welfare Centres.

The American cultural system, especially the development of the country's scientific centers, was one of the most prominent issues that was considered by Iranians, especially intellectuals, during the Qajar period. In their exploratory perspective, they analyzed this issue and explained in detail the role and position of categories such as books and book reading in this country. In this regard, the author seeks an answer to the following questions: From the point of view of Qajar Iranians, what was the place of books and book reading in the United States? How much did the US government care about it and what policies did it pursue? what are the practical consequences for Iran of the growing knowledge of reformists and Iranian political elites about these scientific centers? this article with descriptive-analytical method based on the press and unpublished documents shows that progressives, especially from the Nasseri period, were well aware that one of the reasons for the rapid progress of the United States is the high position of science and cultural centers. With a critical and comparative look, on the one hand, they mentioned factors such as the will and large investment of the US government in supporting authors and the development of libraries, the general public acceptance of book publishing, etc. for the transformation of American books and libraries, and on the other hand By submitting these reports, they were able to persuade Iranian government officials to emulate the United States and expand scientific and cultural ties with that country.

Mythical themes are common and recurring in different societies. These themes are called archetypes and are found in mythological narratives around the world. Archetypes have two faces in myths, sometimes positive and sometimes negative. In the myth of Zahak, the negative role of archetypes can be seen and studied clearly. The present research is a descriptive-analytical research based on library data. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the negative role of archetypes of Zahak myth. The findings of this study indicate that the negative role of archetypes such as; Anti-hero, the negative part of the mother archetype, guilt due to being deceived by demonic forces and the role of the shadow archetype, human sacrifice and cannibalism, magic, enmity with the father, abduction of women by anti-heroes and demonic creatures, etc. are observed, that they can be used to analyze the myth of Zahak.

The unbridled exploitation of the subjects by the ruling elites in the Qajar period and the passive acceptance of these exploitations by the masses give a false and misleading picture of the political life of the lower classes at that time. The subjects are sometimes effective tools for bargaining. Fleeing the village and abandoning farms was one of these effective weapons, especially the rural masses and tribes, The question is what factors influenced the escape of the subjects in the Qajar era? Using the "threat of scape", the subjects negotiated with which dominant elite and on what issues, and how did the rulers react to these threats? Our assumption is that the escapes were affected by the shortage of labor in the country, the ease of migration of the subjects, as well as the conflict of interests of the owners and rulers of the regions of origin and destination of the escapes. The subjects also threatened to flee, trying to force the government to accept a wide range of their demands. Provincial rulers' attempts to collect taxes on fugitives from the remaining residents were usually unsuccessful, and some of them tried to persuade the government to adjust taxes by taking the threat of the subjects seriously. The research method is descriptive-explanatory using documents of the same period, especially petitions sent to the Research Council of Oppression in the Nasseri era. Previously,

With the writing of criminal law since the constitutional period, changes have taken place in the situation of prisoners. One of these changes concerns the right of Meeting prisoners. Traditionally, prisoners were given Meeting not as accepted and customary but as something that occasionally through bribery and friendships. But since the time of constitutionalism, the rights of individuals have been gradually recognized in society as well as in prisons. meeting is one of the most important rights of prisoners that entered the criminal law of Iran with the compilation of the first prison regulations during the constitutional period by the Swedes. The problem of this article is that explains the relationship between new technologies in the meeting room and totalitarian control of prisoners in the period after the coup d'état until the Islamic Revolution. The research results confirm that the development of new procedures in the meeting room is another symbol of a power-oriented will and the control of all prisoners's actions in the meeting room was monitored using new technologies such as recording the meeting room telephone conversation and creating a thick glass wall between the visitor and prisoner. Indeed unlike the free and face-to-face meeting of the premodern period, the meeting in the new period with technological controls is unsatisfactory.

The present article seeks to explain the causes of constitutionalism in Iran based on Crane Brinton's theory of revolution, using a combined approach and method, citing historical evidence, including historiographical sources, memoirs, travelogues, and the press. Brinton's theory of revolution is important because it examines the four great revolutions (France, Russia, Britain, and the United States). The method of the article is historical and theory has been used to explain the developments. Findings indicate that among the preliminary signs that Brinton considers in his theory of revolution, the components of "inefficiency of the government machine", and "change of allegiance of enlightened thinkers" have played a role in the occurrence of Iranian constitutionalism. . The signs of "economic growth," "class strife," and "surprising failure to use force" did not conform to Iranian constitutionalism, and contrary to Brinton's theory, the government and the people were in a difficult economic situation. There was no class conflict in the constitutional movement, and despite the violence in the Grand Mosque and the events leading up to Kobra's migration, due to the dominance of the negotiation process and the Shah's pressure and support for the constitutionalists, it can be said that force was used in the Iranian constitutional movement. And there is no military force to suppress the protesters. The course of events of the movement and its adaptation to Brinton's theory and the four great revolutions show that the Iranian constitutionalism was not a revolution but a movement.