The meta-synthesis of effective signaling to internal and external stakeholders

The main purpose of this study is the meta-synthesis of effective signaling to internal and external stakeholders. This is developmental research that is qualitative in terms of data nature, and documentary- meta-synthesis in terms of data collection. The CASP- Critical Assessment Skills Program is used for evaluating articles. For 72 selected articles from valid scientific databases, the process of extracting information from the results and analysis of these articles was performed, Finally, 48 articles were approved and screened. By examining the backgrounds and models of the approved articles, a conceptual model is resulted based on the achieved codes and categories. The company gives different signals to its target audience with its different actions and chosen signaling mix. Receivers of signals can be a group of internal and external stakeholders of the company depending on the company's signaling goals and signals sent by the company’s signaling mix. According to research articles, the focus is more on some kind of signals and also some stakeholders as receivers; For example, companies generally target their external stakeholders, especially the customer and competitor. On the other hand, the repetition of signaling to internal stakeholders is less among the studies. The emphasis of this study is on effective signaling to stakeholders, because the company tries to signal the true quality of itself and also decreases the gap between intended signals and perceived signals by receivers. The characteristics of the signals and the signaling process, in general, can determine the effectiveness of the signals and signaling itself.