A Critical Study of Orientalists' Reflections on Two Alleged Images of Abraham in Qurʾan and the Identity of His Sacrificed Son

It is necessary to study the works of scholars and critique their views on the Qurʾan and Islamic teachings. Considering the importance of Prophet Abraham as the founder of monotheistic religions, and his son Ismaʿīl as the sacrifice of his father, orientalists have studied the lives of these prophets in their studies. Although some Orientalists have done research on Islam and the Qurʾan, they have made some mistakes due to inconsistencies in the verses. For example, the difference between the attributes of Prophet Abraham in the verses, the emphasis on the non-prominence of him in some verses, confirming the expression of the milla of Abraham, and identity of the sacrificed son. In addition to the Orientalists' motivation for claiming differences in the verses, it seems that one of the factors created the illusion of difference is the lack of access to reliable sources. The present study has studied the works of Orientalists on the subject with an analytical-critical approach. This study aimed to examine the works of Orientalists on the subject with an analytical-critical approach. An attempt will be made to defend the hypothesis that orientalists, due to the bias they have unintentionally shown on their cultural perceptions of the meanings of the verses, and also due to incomplete access to reliable sources, when they observe any kind of difference between one verse and another, they consider it as a distortion and contradiction; While two verses can be considered contradictory just when the truth of one verse results in another falsehood.