Tolerance and Its Effects on the Progress of Islamic Civilization (geography case study)

The tolerance of Muslims in learning sciences, especially geography, is one of the reasons for the growth of civilization in the Islamic society.Analyzing the recent sources and using the descriptive and analytical method shows that from the very early centuries, inspired by the Islamic teachings that commanded them to acquire knowledge and awareness from others, Muslims paid attention to the civilizational assets of other civilizations in various sciences, including geography, and according to the need they had in this field, they translated works in this science from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Iran and India into Arabic.These translations, which showed the breadth of vision and tolerance of Muslims, introduced them to geography in a new and scientific way, and in the next stage, led to the writing of valuable works on the subject of this science in the Islamic world.Although these writings were somewhat influenced by the scientific achievements of others, in many cases, they presented new and novel achievements, foundations and methods, and even challenged some of the previous knowledge in some cases.