The land of Mesopotamia: Geographical Connection - Historical Influence on the eve of Conquest of Iran by Muslims

There are numerous historical analyzes about the process of the conquest of Iran by the Muslims, but the importance and determining the influence of the developments of the border regions and cities of Mesopotamia in the late Sassanid era have not been paid much attention to and have been neglected. In the first stage of the advance of the Muslims in the territory of the Sassanid in the year 12 AH, which were mainly in the desert areas south and west of Mesopotamia in present-day Iraq, they managed to defeat the Sassanid border guards and troops in Kazima (Hufeir), Madhar, Walja, Ullais, Hirah, and Anbar. According to the findings of this historical-geographical research, at this stage of the conquest of the Sassanid territory, considering that most of these wars took place in the desert areas or on the edge of the desert, the Muslim Arabs took advantage of their adaptability to such geographical conditions and moved quickly in the desert areas. And by surprising the Sassanid border guards, they imposed their power and supremacy on them. These lightning victories killed the military and political splendor of the Sassanids against the Muslim Arabs, and the Muslims secured their presence in Mesopotamia by dominating the two important and strategic cities of Hirah and Anbar and the desert areas of Transoxiana and laid the groundwork for the entire conquest of Iraq and then Iran. Given the importance, impact, and consequences of this phase of the conquest of the west and south of the Sassanid territory, it can be considered as the phase - when the Muslim Arabs attacked the border areas and attacked the border cities- that the gate of the conquest of Iran was practically opened for the Muslim Arabs.