Subjects’ exploitation from the conflict of interests of the ruling elites in the custom of granting Thiol in the Naseri era

The various methods of resistance of subordinates against the ruling groups is one of the subjects that has received less attention in Iranian history studies. During the Qajar period, the Thiol regulations provided opportunities for the villagers to obtain concessions from the Thiol owners and governors of the provinces. This is our question: how did the custom of granting Thiols lead to disputes and conflicts between the ruling groups, and how did the subjects benefit from these disputes? The Qajar court was always faced with many frauds by provincial rulers and bureaucrats in sending taxes to the treasury, and by granting Thiol to some of its agents, removed part of the lands from the reach of provincial governors, a situation that the governors of the provinces did not like. On the other hand, the court was also faced with the fraud of Thiol owners. Naser al-Din Shah announced that a farm will be thiol only if its farmers are satisfied. In this way, it was possible for the subjects to choose a fairer person between the Thiol owner and the ruler of the province or between two Thiol owners, or to change the Thiol owners’ agents or to correct their behavior. This research has been done with the causal method and relying on original documents, especially the documents of the Majlese Tahqiqe Mazalem. The theoretical framework of the research based on Patricia Crone's opinions about the characteristics of pre-modern governments. The purpose of this research is to clarify a neglected part of the history of subordinates and to explain their behavior towards the ruling elites in order to moderate exploitation .Before this, no study has been done on this topic.’