Alzheimer's Disease: Narrative Review of Clinical Symptoms, Molecular Alterations, and Effective Physical and Biophysical Methods in its Improvement

Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible neurodegenerative nervous disorder. Currently, both factors of amyloid-beta plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as the synergistic effects of these two factors, are leading changes in this disease. The researchers’ efforts to entirely cure the disease have not been successful because of the complexities of the pathophysiology of the disease. Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier is a serious challenge in delivering novel drugs. In recent years, different strategies have been developed to improve the cognitive skills of patients.

Nowadays, the disappearance of the boundaries between different sciences has led to the development of new strategies which often offer non-invasive methods. These methods, such as biophysical interventions, improve the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This narrative review aims to describe some of these strategies and discuss their pros/cons over the traditional methods of drug consumption.