Semantics of Reason in Islamic Sciences and its Comparison with Epistemology

Reason has different ontological and epistemological dimensions. Judging the first and second issues is the responsibility of philosophy and epistemology, respectively. However, these two depend on the clarity of meaning and the application of reason in different sciences.

Method of Study: 

The current research method was textbook. it was criticized and investigated with the analytical-rational method.

The meanings of intellect in different sciences are : 1 .In philosophy : a) In the proof book: a. notions and self-evident affirmations; b. A power in the soul that finds certainty without reasoning to general and selfevident premises . b) In Kitab al-Nafs: perceptive power which is divided into theoretical and practical and each is divided into degrees . c) In theology: the substance that is separated from bodies in the stage of essence, attributes and actions. 2 .In theology : a) Special sciences with which the obligee becomes capable of reasoning and doing what is assigned to him. b) The power that is institutionalized in humans and its requirement is the knowledge of axioms. c) A non-corporeal intelligent being that is single in terms of essence and action . d) Unrevealed knowledge. 3 .In ethics, it is sometimes referred to as science, to the facts of affairs, and sometimes to the understanding of science . 4 .In mysticism, it is sometimes used in the sense of a luminous substance and sometimes as a power placed in a human being with a single nature and a charitable nature . 5 .In the science of Tafsir, some consider it a collection of sciences and others consider it a power in the soul. In some explanatory sources, the world of abstracts has been interpreted as the world of intellects. 6 .Hadiths have used wisdom in the following meanings: a. The power that people use in the system of life affairs (sense of livelihood, or wickedness and mischief); b. human speaking soul; J. Levels of talent; d. Old single substance that does not belong to matter. In the visions, "Intelligence from God" is the deep insight and knowledge that prevents the human soul from sinning against God. 7 .From the point of view of Fegh and Osoul, intellect is used in the two meanings of the faculty of proof of generalities and intellectual proofs . 8. In epistemology, intellect has two meanings: a. A force that understands facts in a general way and engages in reasoning; b. Intellectual perception, which is the product of perceptive power, and of course, this use is more abundant than the first use.

1. The three meanings of perceptive power, rational perceptions and detached substance are common uses of reason in science . 2 .The first meaning is used in all the mentioned sciences, although it may be assigned to a chapter of a science, or the meaning of being the first is objected to by some, or a limitation may be added to it. 3 .The second meaning is used like the first meaning in most of the aforementioned sciences . 4 .The third meaning is only used in sciences such as philosophy, theology, mysticism, interpretation and hadith, of course, the use of this meaning is evaluated in some sciences such as philosophy as a lot and in others as interpretation as little. 5 .Reason has specific uses in some sciences such as theology and hadith; Like the use of intellect in the state and queen, which is only used in the science of hadith . 6. It can be inferred from the semantics of reason that most of the mentioned sciences have accepted the existence of connected and disconnected reason; However, there are also deniers. 7. In the modern era, rationality as a description of actions (second meaning) replaced wisdom in the sense of objective (detached intellect) and subjective (connected intellect).