The methods of postmodernism in the novel Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra based on Brian McHale, theory

Postmodernist theories are divided into two major groups. The first group includes the theories of people like Barry Lewis, Peter Whalen and David Lodge, who provide a list of stylistic components distinguishing postmodern writing (uncertainty, paranoia, temporal irregularity, etc.). In the second group, the most prominent theory has been proposed by Brian McHale, who uses the concept of "dominant element" in Russian formalism to explain postmodernism, and considers the characteristic of postmodernism to be ontology (as opposed to epistemology, which is the dominant element of modernism).In order to achieve this goal, first, tricks and components are extracted from the novel "Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra" and analyzed in three parts: story elements, concept and form; Then, based on Brian McHale's prevailing theory, which considers the characteristic of postmodern stories to be ontological issues, it is determined to what extent these methods and components play a role in highlighting the ontological elements of the work. The result shows that this novel is a complex and difficult novel in which the author has made good use of the polyphonic technique, uncertainty, the two-dimensional presence of the narrator, the lack of coherence of the mind and the confusion of the characters, etc. has placed postmodern works.