نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 53 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Postmodernist theories are divided into two major groups. The first group includes the theories of people like Barry Lewis, Peter Whalen and David Lodge, who provide a list of stylistic components distinguishing postmodern writing (uncertainty, paranoia, temporal irregularity, etc.). In the second group, the most prominent theory has been proposed by Brian McHale, who uses the concept of "dominant element" in Russian formalism to explain postmodernism, and considers the characteristic of postmodernism to be ontology (as opposed to epistemology, which is the dominant element of modernism).In order to achieve this goal, first, tricks and components are extracted from the novel "Nocturnal Harmony of the Wood Orchestra" and analyzed in three parts: story elements, concept and form; Then, based on Brian McHale's prevailing theory, which considers the characteristic of postmodern stories to be ontological issues, it is determined to what extent these methods and components play a role in highlighting the ontological elements of the work. The result shows that this novel is a complex and difficult novel in which the author has made good use of the polyphonic technique, uncertainty, the two-dimensional presence of the narrator, the lack of coherence of the mind and the confusion of the characters, etc. has placed postmodern works.

imagery can be considered as one of the main aesthetic elements in poetry; in the poery part of the rhetoric and influnce  is depend to the imagery; The novelty of the image and reflection of the individual attitude in it, cause a double impact and attraction; Because the essence of art is deeply linked with innovation, and these innovations in the macro structure of poetry,likned to innovation in micro structure and imagery one of this micro structures. Iranian modern poery with Inspired by Nima's progressive theories that emphasized personal view and individualism,and with a this has discovered unknown areas of the imagery, and have a general tendency towards innovation in poetic images. Shivan Foumani can be considered one of the honest poets to Nima's theories in imagery innovation; Climatic color is also prevalent in Shivan's poetry with an emphasis on individualism and personal experiences, and he has created new and individual images of nature with this personal attitude. Also, his detail and precision look, that is remember the thin imaginative of Indian style poets, has been another factor in his imagery innovation. Individualism is also seen in the image of the beloved in his poetry, and the aesthetic aspects of the beloved are presented in his poetry differently from traditional poetry and with a personal attitude. The present study intends to explore these aspects of imagery innovation in Shivan's poetry in a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research also shows Shivan's loyalty to the principle of imagery innovation.

In present research the main issue is to study “world” and “life” metaphors in Saadi’s and Parvin’s poems. The aim of this attempt is to show their dominant thinking towards the the philosophy of life. The research was conducted by descriptive-analytic method. The results of studying the quantitative data consist of 299 conceptual metaphors with the world and life target domain selected and evaluated from both poets’ odes andpieces. The findings show that common source domains in both poets’ poems for conceptualizing “world” and “life” are object and human. It can be said that a similar aspect of both poets is that they have paid more attention to conceptualize “world” than “life”. The research showed the purposes of “world “and “life” metaphors overlap and result to coherence, as far as it can be said they represent instability of world; the need to ignore the glamor of the world; the need to pay attention to how to spend life; and the importance of good deeds during one’s life for achieving a comfortable life after death.

Shahnameh has long been welcomed as an epic masterpiece by many poets and writers, and the most unique, selected, and translated works of this work are remembered. In contemporary times, Professor Seyyed Hassan Amin, by recreating the Shahnameh in seven volumes that has lasted for thirty years, has depicted one of the lasting examples of contemporary history. The purpose of this article is to study the features of imitation in Amin’s  Shahnameh based on Ferdowsi’s  Shahnameh. Because this analogy, in addition to the similarities with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the author has written articles to complete the historical sections of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. This research has introduced and how to tell an analogy in three historical, heroic and religious foundations with an analytical-descriptive method. Findings show that Amin’s  Shahnameh is an adaptation of Ferdowsi’s  Shahnameh to the modern version that both authors have spent thirty years for that time. With the difference that in Amin;s  Shahnameh has continued the history after Islam until the history of the contemporary period in the style of Ferdowsi. Also, Professor Amin in this Shahnameh believes that Ferdowsi did not deal with the documentary history of ancient Iran in the Shahnameh. According to the studies, what Ferdowsi did from the point of view of the story was the same date.

One of the important issues in structuralism theory is the relation between time, narrative and how time of expression is narrated. One of the ways that makes this abstract thing Concrete is narrative action. According to structuralists analysis, time is one of the main components of the advancement of any narrative, which, along with causality, propagates the story line. Gerald (Prince), (1942) (Gerald Genet) (1930-2018) two structuralist theorist, in relation to time in the narration, express the views of that we compare these two perspectives and consider them in two short stories (willow blind- woman sleeping) (Shinagawa Monkey) from Haruki Murakami. Finally, we conclude that Gerald Genet has eliminated the Prince’s perspective of one of the most complex concepts of the narrative, namely, the problem of time with a simpler pattern( time interval) and (narration time); the discussion( the speed of the narrative) in Prince’s view is defined by two separate concepts( continuity) and( frequency). In addition, Genet by considering the views of the other theorists about time, its function, and its types in narration, Genet adjusts other theories of the theologians and proposes a more comprehensive definition. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical study using library resources.

The history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relationship between literature and environment is examined. The purpose of this research is to investigate how nature is represented in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; How are the pleasant or unpleasant phenomena of nature, as well as the gender-oriented representation of nature in her poetry? The research method is a combination of ecocriticism and rhetoric. The presence of nature is different in two periods of Forough's poetry. In the first period (captive, wall, rebellion), she looks at nature from the outside (in the form of similes and metaphors and rarely in animism and symbols). In the second period (Rebirth and let's believe the beginning of the cold season), nature is symbolic and alive. Forough identifies herself with nature and plants her hands in the garden. The pleasant natural phenomena in Forough's poetry indicate the lofty ideals of man; Like the sky and stars (superiority and awareness), birds (liberation and happiness), earth and plants (fertility and abundance), water and rain (purity and tenderness) and fire (love and passion). In her poetry, mud, rock, stone (indifference), night, snake, crow (reprehensible and talkative) and wind (death and inexistence) are represented in an unfavorable way. Forough reproduces the patriarchal historical and mythological culture. she represents the man like the sky, moon, sun and rain in a lofty, bright, warm, active, pure and purifying way; While the woman is shown as small, weak, receptive and polluted like a bird, earth, fields, dew, rocks and mud. Forough's poems are against the views of feminists.

The book Dubliners, by James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet and literary critic, translated into Persian by several translators, this paper focus on Mr. Parviz Darush and Nader Sheikh Zadegan, whose translations are analyzed qualitatively and descriptively in this article. This book contains 15 stories. In short, Evelin's story is based on House's theory, which is a qualitative model for evaluating the quality of translation. In this part, Mr. Darush translated literally and did not pay attention to the new words.It is the same in other parts. The tone and style of Parviz Dariush is old and the words he used are not for the present time, but they were translated by Sheikh Zadegan .In general, in the translation of books with short stories translated in the style that these cases have been described in different places by Mr. Dariush. Because writing in this way has a smooth tone and it seems and even some parts of the text have not been translated. While.Mr. Sheikh Zadegan used the method of sense and hidden meaning, which means creating sense and meaning for translation, while Mr. Darush used open translation and tried to translate literally. In this article, by presenting examples of stories in the book cheek and explain the ways of using House’s theory strategies.

Mohammad -Ibn- Movaylehy (1323 AH = 1906 AD) is a talented writer of nineteenth century. He was a reform writer that create a masterb piece named Hadith -e- Isa-Ibn-e- Hisham.This work is  real examples of Egyptian society in the nineteenth century that Movaylehy like a sociologist with accurate knowledge of community drew a modern fictional style. The content of this story indicated Movaylehy liberal thought is realistic manner. Movaylehy’s style, in this book is using simple and new words. The results of the present article can be mentioned: Movaylehy with an understanding of social and political situation in Egypt in nineteenth century,  Tried to use art fully story writing technique to comment thoughts and feelings. Though his writing story writing technique is not mature European story But tried the element of his history should be close to the European story. The presence of social satiricalanecdotes that show the class conflict in egyption society and Attention to the scientific content in accordance with current knowledge other points.

The novel Lap Bar Tigh, written by Hossein Sanapour, is one of the significant literary works that was written in the late 80s. In this work, Sanapour has tried to present a narrative of several characters, events and incidents related to their lives and the atmosphere governing their relationships. The time and historical space in which this story is told is not very clear, but the language of narration and form of the conversations, the type of speaking, the slanginess of the form of the dialogues, the social class of the characters, the use of the language The broken streets of the market and the southern part of Tehran and other similar elements evoke the atmosphere of pre-revolutionary stories and films; However, the lifestyle of the characters in the story and the atmosphere that governs the type of their relationships may also link the historical time of the narrative to later periods. From the point of view of narrative methods and techniques, the novel Lab Bar Tigh is placed under modern novels. Various methods of narration, distancing from the linear time of narration in classic works, the polyphonic form of narration in this work, the use of new ways of narrating the story and factors of this kind have led to the capacities of the novel Lab Bar Tigh from The narratological perspective is significant. In this research, by focusing on the narrative characteristics of this work, an attempt will be made to consider the dominant narrative techniques by applying the theory of narratology of the French Gerard Genet. The hypothesis of this research is that by presenting modern approaches in the field of narration, Sanapour has been able to create a work that is compatible with the narratological criteria of the modern era, and these narrative characteristics can be determined by using the theory Gerard Genet explained.

Gholamhossein Saedi followed writers such as Sadegh Hedayat, Bozorg Alavi, and Jalal-E Al Ahmad in search of social perfection and full-heartedly felt the sufferings and hardships of the society and acted with great excellence in repaying them in his stories. He was one of many writers of the last hundred years and the top story writers in the forties. The stories of that decade reflect the spiritual failures of the intellectuals after the coup on August 19, 1953, and this theme can be seen in many of his writings. One of the most important features of that period was the censorship, ruling the space of writing stories and poems, which caused a group of writers to turn to playwriting and use its symbolic aspect to express their intentions and content. Saedi was also among these writers. He was one of the most successful writers in Iran's dramatic literature. The political themes of Saedi's works were more visible in his plays. According to the political conditions of the 1940s, the subject, and the content of his plays, he has expressed openly or mockingly and satirically issues such as tyranny and oppression, freedom of expression, land reform law, and the confrontation of people's poverty with the current of modernization. Three prominent intellectual cinema films of the years before the Islamic Revolution: Cow, Mina's circle, and Peace in the Presence of others, are taken from Saedi's stories. In addition to analyzing Saedi's works, it will highlight the influence of Saedi's works on the Iranian cinema of that period. To reveal his role and position in the intellectual cinema of the years before the revolution.

The purpose of this article is to examine the narrative of realism in two works by Iraj Pezeshkzad. One of those works is Uncle John Napoleon, which is usually considered as a satire because of its humor, but the author tries from a realistic point of view, that is, the reality of people and events and their narration taking into account the situation and circumstances of the narrator. That is the main point of this article. Another work that will be examined is Haj Mohammad Jafar in Paris, which deals with the memories of an Iranian businessman on a trip to Paris. Since the events and characters are real and the narrator of the story observes the actions and behavior of people from the beginning to the end, the author has tried to narrate the work in terms of realism. It is noteworthy that this work is not without humor, but because it happened at some point in time, the author has dealt with the real aspects of the story and proved that the style of this story is realism.

Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi and Meister Eckhart, like any other thinker, were looking for the knowledge of existence in the foundation of their worldview and turned to a divine command. They were two famous mystics in history who lived in a special and different cultural and religious environment and in the same era, i.e. 7th century Hijri or 13th AD. These two share a common cultural and religious infrastructure, in the sense that they have spoken about a general and superior truth, that is, God, and each of them has great mystical experiences. The mystical experiences of every mystic are completely personal and ordinary people do not have access to their experiences through linguistic interpretations and they are relatively able to convey their experiences to mankind only in the form of words, speech and writing, without considering factors such as time, place and language, And it is very clear that the only way to communicate with mystics is to analyze their works and writings. Therefore, in this research, which is based on descriptive-analytical method and compiled using library resources, first, a brief reference is made to the concept of "mysticism" and then the influence of this concept on the personality and works of Rumi and Eckhart is analyzed.