Analyzing Socially-Marked Words in Hafez's Ghazals Based on Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis

Hafez Shirazi (727 AH/1325 AD - 792 AH/1390 AD) is one of the great poets whose lyrical poems are full of various socially-significant words with many expressive, relational and experimental meanings and values. These words have meanings beyond the normal and denotational level and are a way to a better understanding of Hafez's thoughts and ideas, and the phenomena and realities that took place in his time. By using direct and indirect methods and numerous rhetorical devices such as ambiguity and multi-layered metaphors, especially irony and paradox and with the help of the emotional load of marked words, Hafez deals with social criticism and reform. taking into account the social-historical situation of Hafez's era and relying on the analysis of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis , this research, with the descriptive-analytical method, , the most frequent socially significant words in the ghazals of "Lisan al-Ghayb" in the three levels of "description", "interpretation" and "explanation" are analyzed. Then, critical action of Hafez against the most important institutions of society; that is, politics, Sufism and Sharia are examined. Based on the results of this study, Hafez's language and expression is a "social action" that is both acted on" by and actively influence the thoughts, emotions, behaviors and socio-political relations of his time, and "active" in levels, fields and formats leaving a deep and lasting effect on them and has left its own role on people's life, worldview and values.