Numerical investigation of mixed convection in a porous lid-driven cavity filled with kerosene-Al2O3 nanofluid

This research deals with the numerical analysis of the heat transfer characteristics of the unsteady combination of alumina-kerosene nanofluid enclosed in a porous cavity with a moving lid. The governing equations of fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer along with the relevant boundary conditions are applied to express the physical problem mathematically. First, the boundary conditions and governing equations are converted into non-dimensional forms by suitable transformation series. In the next step, the finite element method based on Galerkin residue was used to solve the transformed non-dimensional equations. The evaluation is shown by previous studies and found to be excellent in resolution. Numerical solutions are obtained in a wide range of governing variables. In this study, Solid volume fraction ( ), Richardson number (Ri), Reynolds number (Re), etc. are the governing variables. The numerical results of thermal fields and flow are graphically shown according to the average Nusselt number, streamlines, and isotherms on the cavity’s hot surface. It is found that Ri has a wide influence on the streamlines and isotherms in the cavity as well as in specifying the average rate of heat transfer.