Typology of open innovation models in the world's space industries

Due to the existence of multiple complexities, space industries use different models for innovation than manufacturing industries with small projects. Non use the open innovation model suitable and compatible with the complexities in the country's space industry leads to the reduction of effective innovation. In this research, an attempt has been made to present the typology of the open innovation models of the world's space industries by using the meta- synthesis methodology and the review of reliable international sources. Accurately understanding the type of open innovation needed by the country's space industry is a fundamental step in planning the move towards a developed space country. Finally, in this article, 68 optional codes, 25 categories and 5 key themes and 3 species extracted in the research are presented. Open innovation based on crowdsourcing, open innovation based on joint collaborations, and open innovation based on outsourcing are the types identified in this research. In this research, it was found that open innovation in leading space organizations is more based on the use of crowdsourcing to solve problems rather than solely on the basis of outsourcing. Emerging space organizations are also more likely to take advantage of joint corporation with industry and university rather than contracting independently with industry or university.