Exploration of the Meaning of "Ḥusbānan" in the Verse "...wa Yursila ʻalayhā Ḥusbānan min al-Samāʼ…" based on Associative and Substitutional Relationships

The term "Ḥusbānan" in the verse "... wa Yursila ʻalayhā Ḥusbānan min al-Samāʼ…" is one of the words that have different interpretations in Persian and Latin interpretations and translations. Meanings such as punishment, fire, lightning, hail, cold, wind, calamity, etc., have been mentioned for it in interpretations and translations. The present study, using a historical-analytical method, aims to find the reasons for the difference in the meaning of "Ḥusbānan" and employs a modern semantic approach (associative relationships) to present the correct meaning. Examination of lexical sources and interpretations indicates that some differences are based on linguistic foundations and some on narrative ones. The available hadiths have issues in terms of authenticity and convey multiple meanings, making their prioritization challenging. Additionally, lexical sources have not been able to prevent differing viewpoints; the historical trend of interpretations shows that in the early centuries, the meaning and application of "Ḥusbān" were limited, but from the sixth century onwards, they expanded. In this study, by using substitutional relationships, an effort has been made to present a more precise meaning and application.