The Manifestation of Birds’ Song ‎ as a Rhetorical and Poetic Element in Selected Persian ‎Poetry Based on the Theory of Zaum

From the very beginning, poetic imagery with birds has been very common in all types of Persian literature. Owing to the significance of birds in Iranian mythology; religious beliefs; and Quranic stories; poets have given special importance to birds and their imaginative representations, describing their movements, shapes, flights, and songs. The present study is an attempt to investigate the imagery of the birds’ song, which is taken into consideration due to its various reflections in Persian literature. The song of birds has been manifested in three forms in literary works. First: through putting clear words in the mouth of the bird, which is an example of personification. Second, through the feeling of happiness or sadness that the birds’ song gives a poet or writer. And finally, through the reflection of the poet's perception of the birds’ song in the form of meaningless phrases that are recorded with letters and sounds in every language, such as the owl's cuckoo. The third type can be investigated using Zaum's theory or formalism beyond the meaning since in this type, a meaningless expressions replace the words. Moreover, the idea of the economy of breathing in the airy imagination of Gaston Bachlar has been taken into consideration.