Spatial Evaluation of Groundwater and Surface Water Resources Extraction on Relative Urban Poverty

In recent years, the impact of environmental variables on the types of poverty has been considered by environmental economists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of groundwater resources variables, quadratic groundwater power to consider nonlinear and threshold effects, surface water resources on relative poverty among 30 provinces of Iran in the period 2006-2019. The model used is the Stochastic Dynamic Panel (DPD) model with the Generalized Torque (GMM) method using Arellano-Bover / Bundell-Bond two-stage estimators considering 8 Durbin spatial variables (Durbin). The first spatial interval of relative poverty has also been included in the model in order to consider the spatial effects of the vicious cycle of poverty. The estimated threshold using the Durbin space model is 0.00493 million cubic meters per year. Considering that the quadratic coefficient of extraction is 929/2549, if the water extraction passes above the threshold of 493/1804 million cubic meters per year, the relative poverty line will increase. According to this threshold, the annual water consumption threshold for a population of 80 million people is 39.454 billion cubic meters, while the average extraction of groundwater resources in the above period is equal to 59.927 billion cubic meters, which shows that in throughout the period, Iran has crossed the threshold. Due to the spatial effects, it is suggested that water management policies be changed from political geography management to catchment management.