The Application of Halliday and Hasan's Textual Coherence Theory in The 222nd Sermon of Nahj al – Balaghah (Case Example of Reference, Deletion and Substitution)

Linguistic theories have provided researchers with useful tools for analyzing and studying literary texts. One of these theories is the theory of textual cohesion, which studies the relationships between different elements of a text at both the grammatical and lexical levels. Since the style, content, eloquence, and eloquence of Nahj ul - Balaghah were and still are of interest to researchers, this article seeks, through the use of the descriptive and analytical approach, to study the elements of grammatical consistency in the three areas: return, deletion, and substitution in Sermon 222, and to know the degree of their cohesion and interconnectedness. One of the most important findings of the article is that the sermon has a high degree of cohesion, continuity, and coherence, and among the elements of grammatical cohesion, the element of return is the most cohesive factor in the sermon. Among the reductive elements, pronouns, especially third - person pronouns, have great frequency in the sermon, and according to the subject of the sermon, which is describing the characteristics of the servants and people of remembrance, most of the pronouns refer to this reference. Other elements of grammatical cohesion, despite their infrequency and hesitation, were effective in cohesiveness of the sermon text.