Effect of Visual Illusion on the Accuracy of Performance and Learning of Volleyball Volleying Skills

Visual illusions can impact visual perception and motor planning processes. The goal of this study was to examine how the Ebbinghaus visual illusion affects the accuracy of performance and learning of volleyball volleying skills. Seventy-two female student volunteers (average age 13.4±0.97 years) were randomly assigned to one of three visual illusion groups: perceived larger target (PLT), perceived smaller target (PST), and a control group. The Ebbinghaus visual illusion was created by surrounding the target square with smaller squares (creating a larger illusion) or larger squares (creating a smaller illusion). Participants completed a self-efficacy questionnaire after the pre-test and after observing the visual illusion. The acquisition phase involved 10 blocks of 30 seconds each of performing volleyball volleying skills with the specific visual illusion for each group. A retention test was conducted 24 hours later, followed by a transfer test 10 minutes after. The study found that the visual illusion had a significant impact on acquisition, retention, transfer, and self-efficacy in volleyball volleying skills. A post-hoc test revealed that the PLT group performed better than the other groups. Manipulating performance expectancies through visual illusions can create optimal conditions for improving the performance and learning of volleyball volleying skills in beginners by enhancing self-efficacy.