Sydenham's chorea and erythema marginatum as the first clinical presentation of acute rheumatic fever

Acute rheumatic fever is an acute systemic disease due to autoimmune reaction against some of BHSA. Similarity between bacterial antigens and cardiaciovascular tissue, synovial membrane, joints and subcutaneous tissues and cerebral basal ganglions are the causes of autoimmune reactions and manifestation of the disease. Most of the ARF occur in children (5-14 years old) followed by streptococcal pharyngitis and the disease is very rare in adults.Sydenham's chorea is a late manifestation of ARF and one of the John's diagnostic criteria that is usually revealed when the other criteria are absent. There is often a long latent period between clinical manifestations of the ARF and the onset of chorea as an uncommon initial presentation of acute rheumatic fever. We report the clinical findings, investigations and the course of clinical development of a seventeen-year-old girl, who presented with acute onset of abnormal involuntary movements in her right hand for two days before her admission. She had sore throat and fever three weeks before development of these new problems. Her complaints disappeared with proper treatment. The considerable findings in this case report was co-incidence of Sydenham's chorea with erythema marginatum, fever, severe mitral valve insufficiency, arthralgia in an adult patient that is a very rare case. She was discharged after a 10-day treatment regime.