Ten Mystical Demons from the Middle Persian to Faramarznameh

Two types of national epics are known in Persian, based on their authenticity and time of narration: a group attributed to pre-Islamic sources, and the other recounted by the narrators of the Islamic period, imitating the epics in Shahname. “Faramarzname” is a representative of the latter group, in which Berahman, in response to Faramarz, names ten pixies/mystical demons. This article reveals the antiquity and originality of the epic throughout its comparative analysis with other texts and epics of the ancient Iran.