General Ways of Proving Offenses With Special Reference to Imam Khomeini's Viewpoints

Islam recognizes three ways for proving an offense, which entails difficult but important conditions. For instance, testimony of just witnesses, lack of accusation, lack of interest and lack of animosity are the necessary conditions. With regard to confession, only the confession against the confessor is valid. There are four approaches to the knowledge of judge. However, the predominant viewpoint is that the knowledge of judge is valid both regarding the people's rights and Allah's rights. However, Ibn Jonaid does not acknowledge the validity of the judge's knowledge. The author of Jawahir states: the requirements of invalidity of the judge's knowledge is either corruption of the judge or prevention of the divine commandment and the requirement of this approach considering the important principle of denial of prohibited and expression of right as unnecessary. Moreover, when evidences and confessions are valid and prove the offense, the knowledge of judge too is valid because evidence and confession are among the guessed reasons while knowledge and definiteness are prior to guess.