نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 39 (تابستان 1394)

Nowadays communications, decision-making, reporting manner and hierarchy are controlled by organizational structure; getting an inside into such structure means getting an insight over the whole organization. It serves as a platform for operation of plans and strategies and also determines links among personnel or executive body of the organization. In line with developments in other elements, organizations must keep thinking of developing their organizational structures. As public, non-governmental entities, municipalities pursue the goal of urban welfare and paving the way for establishment of a mechanism that helps cities achieve sustainable development and growth. These entities constantly need a structure that is tailored to their missions, goals, duties and central activities. Having a review on the concept of ‘structure’ and ‘thematic dimensions’ in former structure of municipalities and having introduced medium-sized municipalities as developmental entities, this paper conducts a comparative study on executive body of municipalities in order to gain a picture of central activities that municipalities are involved. In sum, this research finds that major characteristics of this structure include incorporation of new parts through vertical and horizontal differentiations, change of view to municipalities as organizations with social responsibilities, incorporation of new parts with the intention to remove parallel tasks as well as reduced expending and financial independence of municipalities.

Problem and Analysis of cultural challenges and presenting appropriate strategies for coping therewith, as much as is necessary will be a hard work and access thereto is difficult. Investigation of cultural changes and its relationship with NGOs and presenting an appropriate strategy for coping therewith is the topic of this study. Nowadays, the greatest threat against us is cultural threat and within this period of time, main questions that may solve this problem, is that why the topic of NGOs and its relationship with culture is important? And why culture in our country is taken into consideration sensitively? And what is the philosophy of propounding such topics in the conferences? this study was applied based on analytical-descriptive method. In this study, content analysis was used that in fact is a method therein the content of study object is described and perceived exactly and deeply. The objective of this study is recognizing the text or written work’s characteristics realistically and obtaining conclusions thereof. In this paper, the grounds of cultural changes and relationship between cultural changes and NGOs were analyzed. In continue, vulnerability of cultures was discussed and analyzed.

The house is a microcosm of culture and civilization because the primary elements of society, individuals organized along with the family lines, are born, raised and educated in them. The strength of the institutions of the family and house denotes the strength of a society and the verve of its cultural and civilizational agenda. Similarly, frailties in the institutions of the family and house denote frailties in a society and in its cultural and civilizational agenda. The house dominion is where people rise and fall, that is to say, where people either succeed or fail in managing and conducting the most crucial aspects of their lives. Housing is where the epicenter of the rise and fall of cultures and civilizations lies. Thus, some of the chief causes of the decline of Islamic culture and civilization, if properly examined, could be related, one way or another, to the complex subject of housing and its own decline and its causes. Likewise, some of the main cures and catalysts for the revival of Islamic culture and civilization could be found right in the subject of reviving genuine Islamic housing. Indeed, Islamizing housing today could be a turning point, as well as an engine of growth, insofar as a total recovery and revival of Muslim cultural and civilizational consciousness and involvement at a world stage is concerned. According to Islamic teachings, human being moves towards perfection if conditions conducive to His/her calmness are realized at home. According to this view, 'house' represents 'family' and a Muslim's home is regarded as Sacred and private. There is an inherent tendency in human being towards privacy, the most important of which is realized at home. Therefore, if privacy is trespassed at home, it may no longer serve as a home. As traditional houses have assumed a more architectural manifestation due to religious principles, identifying these principles and converting them into housing rules and regulations are among the major concerns of urban planners. In this paper also we are going to speak about Islamic idea of privacy of housing, has tried to pay attention to Modern Architecture ideas which is the dominant style in Muslims land.

Urban regeneration and renewal is one of the urban development subjects that have undergone substantial changes in last decades in its approaches and also management process. Despite these global changes, policy making in this field of urban development have been delayed in Iran. In the last three decades, the spread of distressed urban areas in Tehran and their vulnerability against earthquake caused them to be among urban management’s superior priorities. From 1990s, simultaneously with changes caused by socio-economic changes occurred after war and start of “Construction Era” in political contexts, the first urban renewal project was implemented in form of a highway construction plan by municipality with a concentrated and top-down approach. After that urban renewal policies have undergone great changes. The role of actors and power relations among them had also changes in this process. In this article, reviewing urban policy documents of these periods, we also reviewed distinctive experiences of each period in this 25-year duration (from 1990 to 2014) with content analysis and documentary studies and also case study approach. We also used qualitative methods for the analysis, particularly deep interview with experts and stakeholders of each project, analyzing distinctive indicators of studied cases, and finally revealed power relations among stakeholders of each project. These studies show that four periods are recognizable in this period in which changes in urban regeneration and renewal policy, in actors of each period and their role and power relations are clear and explain new paradigms created in urban regeneration and renewal management in Tehran. Keywords:

Development of urbanization and rise of cities and urbanism during the last decade have added new dimensions to urban issues and have led to increasing importance of monitoring, conduction of urban development and organization of towns and their surrounding regions. In the meantime, the procedures of favorable life management play the most important role in improvement of human habitats and sustainable urban development, since the regulatory factors in urban plans and procedures of dealing with urban problems stem from the efficiency of urban management. One of the new ways of management is decentralized urban management which contributes to realization of desired goals of urban administration through division of tasks and responsibilities. Furthermore, unified and integrated management of big cities like Mashhad is not possible and requires its division into small units. Provision of better and more efficient services to the citizens requires urban divisions at different levels, so that these services may be presented and managed more evenly in all parts of the city, in accordance with their hierarchy. Meanwhile, the regionalism policy that has been implemented in Mashhad Municipality since 1386 has been an attempt to achieve this end by dividing the 13 municipality districts into 42 regions. This study is an attempt to evaluate the success of this policy and the extent of success in execution of the decentralized management. For this purpose, the efficiency and performance of different regions in Mashhad was evaluated using the DEA method and constant returns of scale and variable returns of scale methods. The results of this study suggest that so far, regionalism has failed to achieve decentralized management completely, and some Mashahd municipality districts could not fall within the efficiency frontiers, while the policy has led to increasing complexity (geographic and vertical) in the structural dimensions of the municipality.

Energy consumption share in construction part and dependent industries is about 40 percent of total energy consuming in Iran which is significant compared to other industries such as transportation, agriculture and therefore is of important. As energy consumption reduction and material durability improvement leads to cost reduction from one hand and environment pollution reduction on the other hand, is considered as one of the most substantial concerns in the field of construction. Energy consuming reduction needs energy consuming pattern modification besides new technology utilization for efficiency improvement of energy consumers and also lifetime enhancement of urban furniture and elements. The article results contributes to right management of energy consuming in urban environment by a brief look to solar energy utilization as a supplier and some new technologies as energy consumption reducers and introduces the best methods to manage their usage.

Urban green space is one of the important solicitude for urban planners and designers due to their effects on quality of life. This research used HPM model to estimate economic value of urban green space, in a case study of trees in Velenjak residential place, Tehran Metropolitan Area in Iran. View determined the spread tree on the public spaces and neighbourhoods improve residential land use value about 1.5 MRials rsulting a positive neighbourhood externality of studied green spaces and trees. Developed model in this study is capable to popularization on the same region, in order to qualitative value estimation of open spaces.

With increasing frequency, the developing countries and the people living there are being affected by disasters. More and more often, development efforts are being destroyed. The reason for this trend is their growing vulnerability, which in turn is the result of economic and social development processes, such as the expansion of settlements and agricultural land in risk areas. The economic and social consequences of these disasters for the people in our partner countries last for years. To break and, if possible, reverse this trend, international organizations, governments and NGOs in the developing countries are increasingly upgrading the priority of disaster risk management for policy, and taking concrete preventive measures to reduce the risk to the population. This paper examined the concept of disaster and its management in the light of sustainable development with particular reference to Iran. It enumerated the different human and natural phenomena that could be characterized as disasters. It was discovered that, while hazard and/ or disasters possess anthropogenic origins, their consequences are felt on both human and the physical environments. In all cases, the human tolls have been significant. The paper highlighted the important elements of a typical Disaster Management Information System in Iran. After presenting a typology of disasters in Iran, the paper, advocated for a workable disaster management information system.

The growing trend of rural waste generated in the country requires careful considerations about rural waste management and emphasizes its role in preserving the environment. Due to the large number of villages and small amount of the rural waste, collecting rural waste needs spatial planning so that it could cover a vaster area through economic and shared use of equipments. The main goal of the present study is to examine potential assessment and location of rural waste management system in Ilam province. Methodology of the research is a combination of developmental and measurement methods whose dominant approach are the measurement factors. Statistical population of the current study included all the residential villages, which were 627, overall, and all of them were examined throughout this research. The required information was accumulated through a questionnaire. Village chiefs (head of the rural administrations: 398 people) and informed people (in villages without an administration: 229 people) and members of the village council (390people) were the ones who filled out the questionnaires. Additionally, in order to define the appropriate standards of collecting village waste, the required data was collected from among 65 directors of the village: union:s, municipality experts, rural administrations’ members, and the City Hall of Ilam province. To determine the satisfaction level of villagers with the quality of services provided by waste management system of the village, a single-sample Chi Square Test was prepared. Besides, in this study, for assessing scenarios for covering the services of waste management system of the village, network analysis in Arc GIS software has been used as well. Results of the research indicate that although 26 villages in this province did have the equipments for carrying the waste, these services are only used by villages that directly own the so-called equipments, and other villages of the province are deprived of that. Besides, the results show that if the present equipments are properly allocated and used, relevant services can be provided for all the villages of the province.

Present research investigates intrinsic quality in region1 Islamic Azad Universities and presents a pattern to improve quality of universities. In present research, we appraise professors, and students, ideas about educational, administrative-financial, student, research and cultural factors. Present research is survey- descriptive. Its statistical society consists of 78440 students of undergraduate study fields in region1 Islamic Azad Universities in 2011-2012. The sample equals 382 students. We selected them based on Cochran formula and by using cluster random sampling. The data collected by one questionnaire that is made by the researcher based on liker’s spectrum. Questionnaire used after determination of their validity and stability (students 0.84) by the specialists. The analysis of data carried out using descriptive statistics (frequency, the percent of frequency, mean, skew, median, and standard deviation), inferential statistics (T-test and one-side variance analysis in significant level 0.05) and SPSS software. The results of research show that: In students, opinion, the efficacy of student, research programs is lower than average, the efficacy of educational programs is average and the efficacy of cultural and administrative –financial programs is higher than average.

Competitiveness is divided into two broad categories named as macroeconomic and microeconomic competitiveness. Microeconomic competitiveness indicators have a direct impact on company productivity within which sate of cluster development is the most important pillar of microeconomic competitiveness that are introduced by Michael Porter and it's framework as Diamond Model. The Diamond reveals almost every things matters for competitiveness and based on six indices and 24 sub-indices. In This article by the way of DEMATEL technique and MATLAB software the priority of 6 indices and 24 sub-indices has been showed in 47 industrial clusters (in 19 provinces) and interaction of these indices and sub-indices also has been depicted. This priority is as below: 1-Demand conditions, 2-Role of Government, 3-Factor conditions, 4- Context for strategy and rivalry, 5-Chance, 6- related and supporting industries. This priority for 6 indices and 24 sub-indices could be used as a toolkit by policy makers to enhance regional economic development so that those factors should be used that have most effect on regional economy and leased influence form exogenous factors.

Neighborhood development is considered as one purpose of sustainable urban development (SUD) and a key action to reach the sustainability. This approach (SUN), enhance this new approach that the city's problems can be expected in return to the neighborhood concept. Applied methodology is based on descriptive-analytical, case study and librarian methods. In continuous, it was used of interview with experts and officials for assessing sustainability rates in Neighborhoods of 17 districts in Tehran city using analytic network process and Delphi methods. In this study, 25 different indicators in the size of sociocultural, economical and Physical-environmental dimensions have been studied for measuring sustainability. Results showed that there are significant difference among neighborhoods, in terms of different dimensions of sustainability. Also, the results indicated that Yaft-Abad Neighborhood by achieving the highest score (0.574) had first rank and Fallah Neighborhood with the lowest score (0.719) of the final award and ranked as the most disadvantaged Neighborhood of distinct in accordance with sustainability indicators. Finally, in the end of this presented some solve ways.