فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1393)

The Alavid Zeydi state was established in Yemen at the end of the third century A.H. but the Abbasid Caliphate never recognized it and it didn’t consider the caliphate legal. However, both states had some relations with each other, and numerous factors like religion, geography, society and politics affected these relations. This study done in the deskwork method based on Arabic and Persian sources and recent updated researche aims to explore the relation between thr two states and show the effective factors. The main question are: 1. How did the religious differencs affect these relations? 2.How did the tribal challenges between the Northern and the Southern Arabs and other geographical and political factors influence these relations? It seems that religion with geographical and social foundations were the disruptive factors which caused divergence, But In some cases, the political factor could act mutually, and bring them close to each other.

Obviously, social history and its impact on urban structure should not be neglected in studies on history of architecture, and urban planning; but unfortunately because of weakness in historical sources, we do not have specific information on our social history and as a result it is neglected. Also we rarely can find noticeable information on urban development, which indicates stability, security, governmental plans, and economical improvement of society; and our information mostly depends on buildings and constructions of different historical periods. Endowment documents are drawn up to formalize the act of endowing, but there are hidden points in these documents which throw light on some historical obscurities. Even though noticing documents and specially endowment documents has had an impressive increase in present decade, but mostly has been used in historical studies and neglected in other domains, such as Urban planning. Observation of endowment documents would provide precious information on circumstances of structural development of cities. In the present paper we have tried to elucidate structural developments of Kerman in Safavid era by means of study and context analysis of existing endowment documents of Ganjali Khan (Kerman’s sovereign in the reign of Shah Abbas I). As a result the study has been done by reading out and analyzing the contexts of these documents and other sources have been used just by necessity. The main question is how endowment has helped structural development of cities; and the hypothesis suggests that insight of the benefactor and his knowledge of social requirements can organize his endowments with regard to structural development of the city.

The Extremist Shi’ite movement in Iraq in the era of the Caliph Hisham bin Abdul Malik is regarded as one of the extremist Shi’ite political and intellectual movements that had a profound effects on both political history and religious ideas. The movement was initiated under the leadership of seven extremist Shi’ite Kufi spiritual guides 119 (AD. C). This movement which has been called “Vossaffa” in some of the original sources is one of the most independent and historical movments by the extremist Shi’ites at the early part of the second century, which occured almost at the same time, as the final movements of the Umayyad caliphate. It must be noted that the extremist Shi’ite movement happened before this movements in the city of Kufa. But since such a movement was considered heretical and extreme and it happened in the tumultuous atmosphere of the subsequent events that led to the fall of the Umayyad dynasty, it did not receive sufficient attention. Most importantly، the movement occurred in the context of esoteric, mystical and extremist thoughts which is seldom recorded in the intellectual and historical data. The present study seeks to examine how and why the movement happened and also it attempts to investigate its intellectual background, political context and the causes of its emergence. the study Also shows the impact of the movement on the growth, the spread and the expression of extremist ideas of among Shiite sects.

Before Islam in the region of Jazyrat Al-Arab, like other regions, thedominant atitude towards women was negative. Islam however changed this out look. With the emphasis of the Holy Quran on the creation of men and womenand the family bond between husband and wife a better position was enjoyed. With the demise of the Prophet, in the Islamic community, the discourse about the Muslim woman is placed in the margin. The writer believes that elements if other religions and ethnic groups including elements of Jewish culture are important in strengthening the trend to reproduce the look towards woman. Jewish Culture which encompasses negative indicators to words woman in social family life got the upper hand, and sided with the Jahili concepts. The study aims to revel that the policy of the khulafa provide the ground for the in fluance of Jewish Cultural elements, and the emergence of – a body of tradition (Hadith), a though in the name of Islam, were nothing but the reproduction of the pre-Islamic Concepts.

For the first time, in 1937, in Al-Thorha Al-Urrabieh, a revolutionary was given narrative of an event that took place in the not too distant past. The movement was by Urrabi Pasha and author was Abdol-Rahman Al-Rafei. It was about twenty years after the first publication of the Al-Thorha that the summary was published by Al-Rafei, but this time under the name of “Al-Zaiem Al-Thaer, Ahmad Urrabi”. Soon readers and rulers understood the difference of the second book is not in the summary, but it is in a new and different look to Urrabi. Why did A-Rafei relate the Urrabi movement as a different revolution? Why he changed his description of the revolution leadership? What was the meaning and purpose of these texts? The approach of this paper is to answer these questions and to study features of these two the sehistoriography works. These indicators are analyzed in the form of a dialogue between the text, the author and situational, thought, social and political texture and texts of the times. Critical reading and the production and change in the historiography literature of Al-Rafei is -because of his belonging to nationalist groups- greatly clarifying insight of nationalist historiography in the twentieth century AD Egypt. From this perspective, Al-Thorha Al Urrabieh and its summary reflects the desires and frustrations of nationalist historiography of the twentieth century, from the reality of his society at that time. The present analysis shows that for the first time Al-Rafei interpreted the Urrabi Revolution against tyranny and foreign penetration under the influence of the open political atmosphere of the 1930s, the national party and its nationalist ideas. Al-Rafei attacked in his narrative of Urrabi because of the defeat of the Revolution and the occupation of the country. Later Al-Rafei had to change his negative attitude toward the Urrabi because of to the tense political atmosphere, nationalist government inefficiency and political-intellectual developments showed the need of different leaders of Egypt in the early 1950s.

Mehrab as a valuable element in religious buildings is always locatedin the spotlight of decorative arts. At every stage of Islamic the period, artists used the best decorative elements like plasterwork, brickwork, tile work, carvings to build and decorate the mehrabs with extreme of accuracy. There existed four mehrabs on the second floor of the Malek mosque in Kerman related to the second half of the fifth century AH, the remains of three mehrabs with decorative plasterwork has been preserved. These mehrabs have been made in the same size and dimensions. Since there has not been any comprehensive study regarding these mehrabs and the importance of their plasterwork art, a new line of research about these mehrabs seems essential. The present study is done as a first attempt in this field with the aim of the investigating mehrab plasterwork design and their artistic style. The results show that the style of plasterwork in these mehrabs is very similar to each other and there are only minor differences between them in type of pattern. Furthermore, plasterwork decorations include flower and leave arabesques, mouth torpedoes Arabesque, geometric patterns and inscription of Moqaad and Moshajjar Kufic writing. Unlike previous period styles, Arabesque motifs and inscriptions used in these mehrabs have outstanding innovations that make them distinctive in term, of artistic style.To achieve appropriate and consistent results, textual sources and historical research were sued in this study.

Priests had a lofty status in Sasanian government and as a class in society; But by the arrival of Islam and the gradual fading of Zorostrianism in Iran, what role did they have? How did they play their role in various religious, scientific, political and social fields? By referring to the few remaining sources of the early conquests, it is clear that the political and social positions of the priests was seriously injured in those days, but they stayed as the religious authority of the society for a long time. Umayyads didn’t insist on religious conversion; so the fire temples were set up and the priests were answering the Juridical questions of the Behdins; but in the dominance of Abbasid the fire temples were gradually converted into mosques, thus they lost their base. However due to the proximity of the Abbasids to the Iranians and the delegation of high positions to new Iranian Muslims and due to tolerance, particularly in the first period of the Abbasid rule, the priests had the opportunity to get close to the government leaders. They were also present at the court of Ma`mun, Moatasem and Mutawakkil and sometimes their views influenced the Caliphs. At the same time, they were responsible for the preservation of religious rituals and cultural heritage of Iranians. Muslim historians and scholars such as Masudi(345), Ibn-Nadim(390), Miskawayh(421) and Maqdisi (late century 4) have met them and have narrated from them. However, due to the spread of Islam among the Zoroastrians, especially since the third century their position sharply declined. So that, some of them were forced to deal with other matters than religious authority for earning their living and some of them even forbade their children from continuing their way. In this article, according to written sources left by Muslim historians of the first century and subsequent studie (Western or Muslim), this issue has been studied historically.

Because of the craft downfall and reduction of silk export in the Naseri era, it became clear that the economy of the country has profoundly affiliated to the the agricultural sector. Therefor, land and land ownership became more significant. As the result of some natural and economic factors, starvation spreads and farmers had to immigrate and lands were left dropped without any water and cultivation. Reduction of agricultural products, the occupation of lands by the government, or big landowners or attachment to endowments. Weakened the petty land owners and changed theming to day workers. Government became involved in financial crisis, because of famine and to relieve of this situation it started to selling the crown lands. Selling the crown lands increased the price of corns and created a new class of landowner- merchants and increased the power and political influence of big landownerships in the government.

Shiraz, as the center of Fars State, was exposed to drastic changes during the fifty-years of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s era, when bureaucrats had the highest influence. The presence of Iran’s main trading route from Bushehr to Tehran, in this city and also, its location at the center of Iran, where tribal and urban elements would confront each other, were the main features of Shiraz. Bureaucrat families such as Qavamolmolk, Moshirolmolk and Qashqai families, due to their positions in tax affairs and their influence in Shiraz, show the significance of bureaucracy during this era. Shiraz bureaucracy during Naser al-Din Shah Qajar era was affected by traditional and pre-modern era on the one hand, and renovation of the growth administrative bodies on the other. In addition to these trends, the handling of power among these families and its consequences are studied in this research. This research tries to study the effect of rise and fall of Shiraz’s bureaucrat families during Naser al-Din Shah;s timer era and its consequences in the city administration.