پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 29 (زمستان 1391)

By crash of taherian rule new power claimants. Confuse khorasan cities conditions for few decades. Yaghobs return of khorasan and amru leyth guarrels. With caliph provide good opporotunity for Ahmad ibn abdullah khajastani at power gaining. by death of khajastani his troops select rafe as self commander. He don’t spent guiet periods in khorasan governance. His conflict with Amro leyth safari –his difference with hasan ibn zeid alaui and attack to tabarestan and also quarrel by abbasi caliph result successive. Conflicts for his short governance in khorasan. Rafe ibn harsameh was last governer that demand taherian deputy ship for short time in khorasan governmet

And Cordoba.grately flourished in termes of Cultur and civilization.In both capeital cities of the Word of Islam a set of factors set the eground for the development of culture and civilization. Some of factors in their development include erudite and knowledge supportive rulers their establishing civilizeation centres their supporting the scientists and providing negligence which indicate the similarities between the two.so that the result indicate the development of Baghdad in almost all the branches of science more than Cordoba. Some of the affecting factors in such a difference are Baghdad enjoyment of the inheritance of Iranians rich civilizeation its centrally of the World Islam Cordoba distance of the center of islam and Cordoba smallness in comparison to Baghdad. In other issues of cultur and Civilzion such az the ceremonies and civilization centres there were similarities and differences as well.

One of the important accomplishments of Shah Abbas Safavid I (995-1038 A.H) which strengthened the foundations of his ruling power during his time initiated from his attempt to put fundamental changes concerning the enhancement of the military forces in order to establish a reliable military power supporting his government and so let him pass by the traditional military structure; a structure that followed a tribal pattern. Serious disputes among tribe commanders who compete for gaining higher political positions along with the undesired consequences of which, made the king (Shah) certain about inevitable changes, as a result, he could establish a new army through which Shah Abbas could stabilize peace and security in the country. In this way, he succeeded to make the Safavids unshakable. Accordingly, this essay aims at an overviews of Army organization during the ruling period of Shah Abbas I. while having a look at its main foundations and structure the essay deals with the changes Shah Abbas undertook about the traditional patterns of military forces and their substitution with the kingly arm. The research is history- based, and carried out with the aid of library sources and is accomplished under the analytical- descriptive method

With thewideentering ofIran to theglobal marketin the second halfof Qajars government (1264-1344 A.H), social and economic spheres of the country have been Changed.Craftsas wellastheeconomicfieldthiswas no exception.present article, also review the status of provincial crafts ofQaenat in the second half of Qajar rule and the influence of the large influx of this province on the global market,hasexamined.According to findingsof thisresearch, in thisperiod many of Qaenats crafts, mainly due to lack ofcompetitionwith Westerncheap goods, graduallydestroyed.However, theproduction and trade ofCarpetsdue tothe growinginterest inthe global market, hasconsiderablyincreased.Whilethis industryin terms ofquality,sufferedsignificant damage.Althoughithasreceived little attentioninstudies.

Dynasties of kings of Iran had a particular relations with Georgians from the old era. The position of Georgians, land have caused that two super powers of the Old Age, Iran emperors, and Roman Empire, to give attention to this nation. After collapse of Sasani kingdom and establish of Islamic government, rivalry with Roman for Georgia ended. Safavid kings were attacking Georgia always, to lead in to captivity the people, especially the yang girls and the boys, that they were very pretty and nice, and to acquisition of spoils. They name this attacks, Jehad and Ghaza (holy war). On Safavid period, Georgia belonged to Iran kingdom. But Aqa Muhammad Khan, the Qajar king attacked Georgia and massacred the people and took very captives. Hence, the Georgians became weary from Iran and went towards Russia. This essay studies Safavid relations with Georgians by stress on aims of Safavidkings.

Most researchers believe before that, Mazdak will be a religion creator who is as a social reformist who fight against unfavorable situation and with influence in the Sasanian state could gathere many followers by himself. His main purpose has been the setting up Mazdak, s movement against unjust laws Sasanian government and the Destroy of the deformed, social tradition of the same periode.Mazdak will create Reforms in the social relations of Zoroastrianism with the moral teachings According to his faith, With this reformations,he can restabilish the Equality and social justice Because of it which go to waver and laxity, apparently the influence of Mazdak, made the Sasanian priests horror And the priests saw their power in danger. So, they decided to mislead and deceive young Anushiravan who imamture and they made him stimulate again Mazdak. Until. Anushiravan can reconnoiter with ruse and deceit and called Mazdak.s followers and his party and kill them all of them because of fear from the influence of Mazdak,s followers In the year 528 or early 529 AD. But Mazdak.s religion did not disappear.but the followers of this.

The expansionism and border extension of Sassanid reign and being tension in power pyramid between court aristocracy and king, increased the tendency of using support and auxiliary forces. This policy was ephemeral alternative and based on particular condition. Following this policy created much positive and negative consequence at internal and external dimensions for Sassanid reign. Continuance of such policy in long-time not only make tension and impact in system, but also provided the preparation of rebellion and social unrest, because parvenu agents gradually in political and military division, among court aristocracy and kings, especially in enthronement time entered to political and military arena. In this article intend to probe and analyze the effectiveness of support and auxiliary forces and reasons of following this policy

Among Islamic philosophers and historians, Ibn Khaldun, the Tunisian philosopher, historian and sociologist in the eighth century A.H. is the Muslim writer who tried to explain and interpret the Quran in the light of philosophy and history. He believes that wisdom fails to understand the divine attributes, monotheism, various points concerning divine philosophy and metaphysics. While denying the absolute rationality, he replaces historical rationality and hence his philosophy changes into a philosophy of history. By rejecting the three proposed ideas- Aristotle's and his follower's "a priori essentialism", asharite's "God-centered nominalism", and modern "human-centered nominalism", Ibn Khaldun creates a new perspective called "a posteriori nature-oriented." He suggests "civil science" in his new paradigm, having the meaning and distinctive position in the thoughts of this leading Muslim philosopher. This paper employs the library method and descriptive and analytical approach; it also explains and analyses the above issues in detail and documented. It relies on his works (Introduction and Experiences) illustrating that Ibn Khaldun is the first philosopher and historian succeeding to use his philosophical debate and views broadly and well-structured in the light of Quran in order to understand the history and philosophy of history.