پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 72 (پاییز 1402)

yatollah Aghanajafi, in addition to his outstanding scientific and moral dimensions, can be safely considered as a knowledgeable thinker and a dedicated mujahid in the scene of developments and political issues in Iran and Iraq. Emphasizing on his political thoughts and anti-colonial and anti-authoritarian positions, this article tries to examine the various aspects of his reasoning and performance in facing the conditions of the country's tyranny and colonization. In line with such a goal, the author has tried to organize and present his desired topics in three speeches as follows:The first speech: the situation of Iran in the years parallel to Aghanajafi's lifeThe second speech: Ayatollah Aghanajafi's thought and anti-colonial positionsThe third speech: Aghanajafi's support for constitutionalism and hostility to internal tyrannyAgha Najafi's very close association and cooperation with prominent leaders of constitutionalism in Iraq such as Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani and Sheikh Abdullah Mazandarani and his enthusiastic and courageous presence in the program of movement of Najaf scholars to Iran to repel the tyranny of Muhammad Ali Shah as well as Jihad against Russia's interference in Iran. It is one of the political struggles and practical reactions of the deceased against tyranny and colonialism in Iran.Key words: Aghanajafi, constitutionalism, tyranny, borrowing

The Parthian period is one of the most important periods in the history of urban planning and architecture in Iran. They created a huge transformation in the field of urban planning and architecture. In this long period, the foundations and architecture of Iran are laid. Because during this period, many cities were built or renovated, and in the next period, this style of urban planning and architecture reached its peak and continued its evolution. From the design of this period, due to the lack of documents, it is one of the darkest historical periods in terms of archaeological studies. Unfortunately, so far, many scattered and sometimes conflicting materials have been written about the urban planning and architecture of this era. With an analytical sociological approach, it has been examined to explain and analyze the Parthian urban planning with a political, consensus and cultural approach, and in terms of its purpose, it is among the researches. It is theoretical and in terms of the nature and method of work, it is placed in the ranks of historical researches and it is organized in a descriptive and analytical method.

Due to its special geographical conditions and cultural background, Tabaristan is one of the most important historical regions, and identifying its geographical boundaries as the background of events and the origin of artistic and cultural elements specific to the region seems essential for cultural and social studies. If we consider historical geography as a set of political, ethnic and cultural geography of a historical region, the purpose of this research is to examine the historical geography of Tabarstan to identify its scope. The research method was descriptive and analytical in the framework of historical geography and collecting information using library sources. The result of the research shows that Tabaristan, as the home of the Tapuri clans, included many areas from the east to the west of the plain and the northern and southern slopes of Alborz, which, due to its special geographical location, was able to withstand the Aryan immigrants and the Arabs for a long time. With the spread of conflicts with the envoys of the Arab caliphs and the central governments of Iran, the confrontation of local governments and the reduction of their authority, Tabarstan was out of unity and had changes in its borders. The range of border changes is Tabaristan, Dillman in the west, Gorgan in the east and Qoms and Ray in the south. Tabari dialect, along with Tabari customs and traditions, is common beyond the borders of Mazandaran and extends the range of old Tabaristan to the southern foothills of Alborz.

Politics has always had a great impact on the evolution and diversity of the arts of a civilization. Timurid historical period is one of the glorious cultural periods. Knowing the place of art and getting help from artists, the Timurid rulers, in addition to consolidating and showing greatness of their political power, also provided the causes of artistic splendor. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the influence and role of political factors in the evolution of decorative arts of the Timurid era. The research has been done in a descriptive and analytical way and gathering information through library art historical sources. And by posing the question that; Which political factors played an important role in the transformation of the decorative arts of the Timurid era and the transformation occurred in which decorative arts was it more? It examines the role of political factors in the evolution of the decorative arts of the Timurid era. Among the results obtained are the grandeur and splendor of the court, confronting rivals, through political propaganda, the formation of scientific and artistic workshops by the ministers of relations with neighboring governments (China), the presence of artists in art centers and pointed out that on the one hand, it brings the rulers to their political goals, and on the other hand, it has caused the creativity of artists to evolve and transform the artistic style in motifs, through the formation of art schools in the decorative arts of book design and architecture.

At the height of the flourishing of culture and art in the age of Ilkhans, one of the institutions that had a great contribution to these cultural and artistic developments were the new schools established in this period.Among the most important schools of this period are the schools of Soltaniyeh, which were established during the election of this city as the capital of Iran and flourished with the efforts of Shia scholars who came to this city at the invitation of the Mughal Sultan and continued their activities for a long time. During their presence in these schools, these scholars trained many students and authored valuable works. One of these schools is the "Seyareh School"(mobile School), which was headed by “al-Allama al-Hilli”, and it is considered a unique example of such schools and has made a significant contribution to the development of religious education at the beginning of the 14th century. In this research, while examining the history of these schools, teachers and works written by Shia scholars have been identified and remembered in them

Despite the multitude of studies and researches conducted around Qazvin, there are still unknowns about the intellectual and cultural developments and the tendency of the people of this city towards the Shiite school. Therefore, dealing with the issue of religion and clarifying how to spread Shiism in Qazvin and its impact on the political, social and cultural developments of this city is the main issue of this article. Qazvin has been known as Dar al-Sunnah since the beginning of Islam, and Shiites have participated in political and social developments as a minority. Examining the political, social and cultural situation of Qazvin in the early Islamic centuries shows that the tendency and friendship towards the family of Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) existed among a minority of the people of Qazvin since the time of the conquests. This interest is due to the arrival of Sadat and Alevi Imamzades and Shia families who were generally Zaidi religious and influenced by the atmosphere of Tabaristan; led to a detailed understanding of the Shia school and its religious orientation. The present research has investigated the role of Shiite scholars and scientists in cultural and social developments and the expansion of Shiism in Qazvin.

Due to their descent from Prophet Muhammad, Sayyids have been highly respected by the public since the advent of Islam and have enjoyed a special status. The fall of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Mongol rule created an atmosphere of religious free thinking across the Islamic world, allowing sects, Sufi orders and intellectual currents to freely propagate their ideas. Sayyids also benefited from this freedom, and some prominent families got the chance to enter politics and establish small, local governments like Mar'ashis. Apart from the states founded by Sayyids, Timur and his successors had great respect for Sayyids, appointing them to high positions in the administrative structure of the Timurid state. Owing to their social status and noble lineage, Sayyids played a mediatory role between the ruling elite as superordinates and the masses as subordinates. This mediatory function and their mutual respect by superordinates and subordinates allowed them to be socially and politically active, and serve as the sole refuge of the public in times of crisis like wars. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of Sayyids in the Timurid era as an intermediary group between the ruling and ruled classes. The research question is how Sayyids functioned as mediators between the ruling class and commoners under Timurid rule,

 Due to the fact that news papers have the feature of informingthey are of interest.Newspapers are the heart beat of public opinion. The importance of newspapers is such that pillar called it the Force democracy. The role of newspapers in increasing the level of political awareness of the Qajar period, especially regarding the constitution, is of particular importance. Due to the fact that Tehran's numerous newspapers were more influential due to the political centrality of this city, its importance is increased. The role of newspapers can be seen in all the events that happened until the coup 1299 and after that. A role that, although mentioned in historical sources, should be independently investigated. In this article, the role of pro- and anti- newspapers and clasic left will be mentioned.Between 1299 and 1304, the pro-Reza Shah press promoted her actions and expressed Ahmad Shah's weaknesses, finally these events led to the change of the monarchy from Qajar to Pahlavi.What has been the role of Tehran news papers since the1299coup in reza shahs rise to power?