Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences
Volume:3 Issue: 3, 2013

In this research a three-part mathematical model for eliminate the traffic air pollution by phytoremediation method based on root growth and death of plants in the system is presented. The model components are based on parameters with different volumes that each has first order determine degradation coefficient. When root moves in the soil, the soil placed in the layers cycle close to the roots (rhizosphere), the root death zone and of soil zone. So however in this model it assumed that the contamination is without moving and fixed but considering that the roots will penetrate in the soil, soil is closest to the rhizosphere. Therefore in this research to consider the root growth, the model is included the spatial grows (grows exponentially with the depth) and temporal growth (the sinusoidal variation with time). Neural network method used to set up and determine the model coefficient. In this regards used from soil contaminant data during 10 years in 4 research site besides Tehran highways.

Lac, a resinous exudation of female scale insects, mainly Indian lac insect Kerria lacca Kerr (Tachardiidae: Coccoidea: Homoptera), is an important source of income for the forest dwellers in South Asian countries like India, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam. Lac insects thrive on more than 400 planthosts generally growing in the forests which have varied economic, medicinal and social significance. Association of 22 species of predators, 30 species of primary and 45 species of secondary parasites; besides several fungal pathogens with 88 species of lac insect, represent a rich bio-diversity of the lac ecosystem. Lac cultivation requires proper host plant management, especially canopy management to increase biomass for higher productivity. Alternatively, multistory lac cropping by growing mixed but compatible plants having different heights on the same area also provides exciting opportunities of optimum land utilization. Flemingia macrophylla, a multi-purpose bushy plant, has evolved as a potential lac host in the process of exploring suitable hosts with short gestation period and low crown for intensive lac cultivation to overcome the problems of long gestation period, scattered distribution and high crown associated with traditional tree hosts like Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Palas (Butea monosperma) and Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). The experiment on this plant was conducted under canopies of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. in aghani (winter), jethwi (summer) crop of kusmi and katki (rainy) season of rangeeni strain of the lac insect. Survival rate of F. macrophylla was 96% and 100% under control and experimental conditions with 4.41, and 2.77 average numbers of shoots respectively. Mean plant height of F. macrophylla was 60 % more in control (237.46 cm) than understory (141.87 cm). After 75 days of inoculation, density of settlement was higher under control (45.71/cm2, 16.2/cm2) than in understorey (38.05/cm2, 13.5/cm2) for aghani, and katki crop respectively. Whereas, in jethwi crop the scenario was reverse with under-storey (99.9/cm2) having higher than control (82.9/cm2). Sex ratio at 45 days of inoculation was higher in understorey in aghani (13:95 M: F/cm2), jethwi (20:81 M: F/cm2) whereas in katki crop it was higher in control (14:84 M: F/cm2). Lac cell weight after larval emergence was higher in control for all lac crops; aghani (0.02012 g), jethwi (0.0152 g) and katki (0.0313 g) with 307, 262.4 and 315 insects respectively. The average ‘scrap lac’ yield in control was 166.64 g/plant, 105.36 g/plant, 81.47 g/plant which is 2.6, 3.8, 4.7 times to that in under-storey (63.63 g/plant, 27.58g/plant, 17 g/plant) respectively for these lac crop. Experimental results revealed that though there was significant reduction in the scrap lac yield, lac cultivation is feasible on F. macrophylla in under-storey with host-plant management and improving lighting conditions. With proper canopy management, there is potential of increasing not only its economic viability, but also ecological development via Joint Forest Management through peoples’ participation in resource generation, management and sharing of benefits. It has potential to arrest deforestation, conserve associated biodiversity and permit gainful utilization of vast natural wealth.

To investigate the effects of drought stress and chemical fertilizer and biostimulators on yield and some quantitative characteristics of Trigonella foenumgracum, a factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of completely randomized blocks design with three replicates in Department of Cultivation and Development, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR in Karaj, Iran in 2011. Treatment included drought stress with levels of non stress (40%FC), average stress (55%FC) and Severe stress (70%FC) and fertilizer with levels control (A), aminolforte (B), Fosnutren (C), kadostim (D), humiforte(E), humiforte% (NPK)(F), humiforte흍% (NPK)(G). Results showed that effect of fertilizer ×drought stress was significant (P≤0.01) on parameters of chlorophyl, plant height , petiole length, Root fresh weight, Root dry weight, total seeds fresh weight, total seeds dry weight, seeds thousand weight, the number of seeds per pod. So that was the most chlorophyll, petiole length, number of seeds per pod related to the combination treatment Fosnutren with non stress and most plant height, root dry weight, root fresh weight, seed dry weight related to the combination treatment humiforte흍% (NPK) with severe stress and most seeds fresh weight related to the combination treatment humiforte흍% (NPK) with average stress and most seeds thousand weight related to the combination treatment kadostim with severe stress.

Miangaran Wetland is located in Khuzestan province of Iran .Its area is about 2240 hectares and its elevation is 826 meters above sea level and its depth is 5.18 meters. It is including suitable lands for agriculture around, and the existence of the endemic species population such as turtles, birds, fishes and snakes. It has an important ecological and economical role in the region. Every year, about 130000 birds such as Fulica atra, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Aythya ferina, Egretta garzetta, Anas querquedula, and so on immigrate to this region. Considering the great importance of this ecosystem from point of view of different aspects, it is necessary to take this region under conservation and support. Therefore, there must be a general evaluation in order to determine whether this wetland can be considered as a conservative region or not. This study is based on an ecological evaluation to take into account Miangaran Wetland as a protected area. This research was performed using three standard methods including: IUCN, IMO,SALM & PRICE methods and the reformed method from Canada conservation organization. In this ecological evaluation, the used methods were including three criteria: The life conservation values, the socio-cultural values, and productive values of wetland. Each criterion has some subdivisions. According to the questions presented in each criterion and the answers required, we can determine whether each criterion exists or not and its level of importance from the national, provincial, regional and local point of view will be made clear and also the potential and capability of the wetland will be announced in order to be taken under conservation. Thus, having done a survey and field visit and collecting a series of maps to make the task easier, the data was collected. The results of several sections showed importance of this wetland. After answering the questions, Miangaran Wetland was considered as a protection capable region by obtaining more than sixty percent of the level of importance of criterion and the existence of more than three criteria in each value.

Main phenomenon of climate change that is harmful for human being, increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Regarding to the potential of carbon storage in soil and plant tissues, this approach has a serious interest in recent decades. Due to the different climate zones in IRAN, share and amount of carbon sequestration in any of these areas need more contemplation. Therefore, the ability of soil carbon sequestration of mountain pastures in Kermanshah Province was studied in 3 height and 4 geographical aspects. Then, soil samples were taken from the areas that Astragalus Gossypinus and Astragalus Parrowianus grew at two depths of 0-30cm and 30-60cm. The amount of organic carbon, bulk density, electrical conductivity, pH, moisture content and soil texture in both depths of each soil profile were measured. Stepwise regression results also showed that texture parameters, bulk density and pH, respectively, were the most important factors affecting on soil organic carbon. Based on the results of data analysis using a completely randomized factorial design, significant differences were observed at 1% significance level between the two species and also in height between the classes and geographical aspect on soil carbon sequestration rates.Comparison of results based on SNK tests also indicates that, biggest amount of carbon sequestration taking place in the maximum height in the geographic north aspect. Also according to the results can be stated that capability of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Astragalus Parrowianus is more than Astragalus Gossypinus.

In forest ecosystems, organism biodiversity in ecosystem cycle is attentioned for forest and genetic resources preservation. Presences and diversity of bracket fungi have an important role as an important dissociating factor of wood in the forest. The aim of this study is considering of the effect of trees diameter on establishment, diversity and richness of bracket fungi. Two transects with a width of 50 meters had conducted randomly in the district level, in educational and research of Shastkolateh forest. And all stand and fallen trees bearing bracket fungi were considered. Results indicated that fungi establishment increased by increasing the trees diameters, and the stand trees with more than 80m diameter and fallen trees with more than 40m diameter have more bracket fungi than other trees. The consideration of richness with margalef index, indicated the most richness in diameter class > 80cm of stand trees and 40cm of fallen trees. The examination of relationship of host trees diameter class with bracket fungi diversity indicated that there is significant difference between diameter class and bracket fungi diversity in 99% reliance level, comparison of bracket fungi diversity in stand and fallen trees characterized that there is significant difference between bracket fungi diversity in stand and fallen trees. Also it is characterized that in fallen trees, bracket fungi diversity is more than that of stand trees. That one of its causes is the quality of woods, which this fungi diversity increased by increasing the decaying and disintegrating.

Due to human pressures, living organisms in natural landscapes are in a critical condition. Protected areas are the last refuges to protect and maintain biodiversity.This research study assessed and monitored vegetations and wildlife within three secure locations 1:(C-poor condition) 2:(S-good condition), 3:(G- fair condition) of Bijar protected area in the west of Iran over 31000 ha.To study of vegetations 10 transects were established in each area, Pasture Value (PV) method was used to determine ranges condition.Data of seven seasons(summer and winter) were collected and used to evaluate wildlife condition.To compare means of rangelands factors include: Rangelands condition,vegetation cover,diversity and richness Analysis of variance was used and to compare wildlife frequency,diversity and richness Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. The results of rangelands show that, Shanonn-winer diversity index, species richness and evenness in fair rangeland are greater than the two other rangelands.The results of wildlife study during the study period showed that diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) and wildlife frequency were greater in fair rangelands.Wild sheep and Boar frequency on fair rangelands were higher than the two othere areas and had significant difference among the three areas.Ghamchogha secure location with fair condition was consider as a better habitate for wildlife.