Advances in Nursing & Midwifery
Volume:25 Issue: 91, 2016

More than 100 million women worldwide use hormonal contraceptive, including using DMPA or oral contraceptive. There is particular concern about a putative link between hormonal contraception and HIV infection. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the association between hormonal contraception use and risk of HIV infection.
We were retrieved through a systematic search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, BMJ, JAMA by utilizing keywords HIV prevention, hormonal contraception, womens` health, risk factors and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This search conducted for relevant literature published between 1989 and 2013.
Finding: An estimated 40 million people live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) globally. Most HIV infected human are of reproductive age 15–49 years. Approximately 45% of women using hormonal contraceptions. Long term used of Progestin-only Injectable such as DMPA and NETEN, may cause thinning of cervico-vaginal mucosa, it may lead to abrasions that facilitate access of HIV to CD4 target cells in submucosal tissue and increased simian immunodeficiency virus acquisition. Although the clinical significance of this thinning remains uncertain.
The data do not support an association between use of oral contraceptives and increased risk of HIV acquisition. Nonetheless, family planning services are an important venue for HIV prevention activities

Health promoting behaviors are appropriate actions to promote health and prevent further decompensation due to heart failure. Inner strength is a factor of psychological health and well- being and therefore is a dynamic element in holistic recovery. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of inner strength and health promoting behaviors in women with heart failure referring to hospital affiliated with Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2013.
In this descriptive-Correlation Study, 145 women with heart failure referring to hospital affiliated with Shaheed Beheshti Medical University were selected by convenience sampling method. A 3-part questionnaire including demographics, inner strength questionnaire and Health-promoting lifestyle profile II was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.
Finding :There was significant correlation between inner strength and health promoting behaviors dimensions and health promoting behaviors in general (pConclusion :There is significant correlation between inner strength and health promoting behaviors of women with heart failure. Therefore, attention to enhancement of inner strength by nurses seems necessary to improve the health in women with heart failure.

Organizational commitment and professional ethics are two of the most important issues in higher education. The commitment to these issues is very challenging for the faculty members. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between professional ethics and organizational commitment of faculty members.
This was a descriptive-correlative study. The sample consisted of 150 faculty members of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, they were randomly selected. The data selection tools were three questionnaires including demographic work ethics and organizational commitment questionnaires. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and single-sample t test using SPSS (V. 16).
The mean score of professional ethics was 6.06 ± 1.05 and the mean score of organizational commitment was 4.26 ± 1.10 which were above average of 4. The scores of professional ethics and organizational commitment dimensions were also higher than average. There was a significant relationship between professional ethics and organizational commitment and their dimensions (P According to the findings, more attention to ethical standards and promotion of them among faculty members is necessary. This is the responsibility of the managers of higher education institutions.

After pains are painful contractions of the uterus occurring after delivery. According to the side effects of NSAIDs to assess the efficacy of Carumcarvi L. vs. Mefenamic acid on the severity of after pains in postpartum this study was done in Laretsan university affiliated hospital in 2013.
In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 102 hospitalized women who complained of moderate to severe after pains, after uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery, were treated with oral doses of Carumcarvi L. 615 mg, Mefenamic acid 250 mg or placebo. Pain ratings were recorded before the first dose and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after the first dose on a 0-10 numeric pain intensity scale. Thereafter every six hours, pain rating was recorded and if the patient required analgesic after 30 minute, pain rating was recorded again. If the pain will not relieve, a 200-mg ibuprofen tablets was administered to the patient. The number of ibuprofen tablets consumed during the intervention was compared between three groups. The data was analyzed by ANOVA, kruskal-wallis and chisquare test.
In first six hours ibuprofen consumption in placebo group (75.8%) was more than caraway group (45.7%) and mefenamic acid group (35. 3%) (p=0. 003). 72 hours after delivery the mean number of ibuprofen consumption after intervention showed statistically significant differences between three groups (placebo 4.0±3.04, caraway 3.66±3.271 and mefenamic acid 1.76±2.948) (p=0. 000). There were no significant difference between caraway and placebo (p=0.51). In mefenamic acid group the analgesic use was less than Caraway, and Placebo groups (p=0.001).
This study showed that Caraway can reduce the need for chemical analgesics.

Staff of different wards face diverse ethical issues. Also cultural, social and economic factors affect these issues. A team of experts in the fields of neonatal care and medical ethics tried to explore ethical issues in intensive care units in Iran.
Methods and Materials: this was a Methodological Research that was done in two steps. In the first step ethical issues in clinical settings explored. The instrument was designed between Aprils to October 2013. The content validity method was used for validity of the instrument. To calculate the reliability, internal consistency was used. The data was analyzed by SPSS 16 and AMOS 16.
Findings: The result of the first run was a 26 item questionnaire with four domains including commitment, patient rights, and inappropriate interaction with parents and end of life care. Internal consistency for the whole instrument was α= 0.89. The result model has suitable fitness.
The results of our study showed the ethical issues of neonatal care with main domains of it. There is an interesting field for research in future.

Introduction and Aim: A large number of studies have examined the psychological impact of infertility, but few studies have looked at the impact of infertility on sexuality. This study designed to answer these three questions: Does infertility have a negative impact on the sexual satisfaction and sexual relationship? Sexual function is affected by infertility? How sexual self-concept is impacted in infertile couples.
This is a review article in which the impact of infertility on sexual function have been investigated. The data was collected from WHO, PubMed, Scopus, and Iranian Journal Database, Scientific Information Database (SID) databases by searching related literature published from 1990 to 2014, by keywords such as infertility, sexual relationship, sexual behavior and sexual function.
In this review, articles were selected, which were paid to the impact of infertility on sexual function. Most of the results recommended that infertility and its treatments can change sexual selfesteem, sexual behavior and relationship and sexual function, but there were controversy in some studies.
The results suggest that infertile women experience more problems than men. More researches needs to be done in the field of relations between sexual behavior and sexual relationship, sexual function and sexual self-concepts in infertile couples.

Most admission to the hospitals occur through Emergency unitts. Because of temporary staying nature of the emergency units the patients should refer to other units or discharge as soon as possible. However, several factors effect on the prolonged staying of the patients in the emergency units. Since nurses have the most relationship and contact with the patients, therefore, this study was conducted for determination of the factors affecting on the staying duration of patients in the emergency units.
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Samples were taken of the nurses working in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data collected with the questionnaire that was made based on literature and interviews with nurses. Content validity method was used for validity of the questionnaire and internal correlation for assessing the reliability. Data was collected by the questionnaire and finally 200 questionnaires were returned.
Findings: The findings revealed a number of factors effecting prolonged hospital stay or discharge barriers. Over than half of the nurses believed that, medical, structural, personnel and Para-clinic factors have a high effect on the patient prolong stay. On the other hand one third of the nurses believed that patient factors have a medium effect. Hospital type is another factor which can effect on the duration of staying.
According to the nurses’ perspectives medical, structural and personnel factors cause the long duration of patients’ stay in emergency units. Hospital managers can design guidelines for decreasing length of stay.

Healthy lifestyle leads to promotion of health in societies. Nurses as the largest group of health care providers, are good models for healthy lifestyle behaviors, but working in rotating shifts is a predisposing factor to have risky lifestyle behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with nurses’ lifestyle in nurses who working in Tehran hospitals in field of nutrition, physical activity and screening tests in 2012.
In this correlational descriptive study, 553 nurses from 27 hospitals of Tehran, were selected by convenience method. Hospitals were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. A questionnaire with items related to demographic-occupational information and lifestyle behaviors was used for data collection. Its validity and reliability were determined by content validity method and internal consistency and test-retest (r=0. 70) methods respectively.
Findings :A significant correlation was found between gender, marital and occupational status, kind of working shifts, age, work hours, frequency of night shifts and nutrition status. Physical activity was associated with gender, marital and occupational status, level of education, frequency of night shifts and work experience of nurses. Nurses reported breast, cervical and prostate cancer screening behaviors was not suitable in compare with general population.
We suggest more specific researches to survey nurses’ lifestyle in mentioned aspects. Having healthy lifestyle courses by means of modern methods of education with an emphasis on physical activity and screening behaviors promotion in training programs of nursing students and nursing staffs, seems to be essential.