فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1393)

This research was carried out on two canola cultivars (Hayola401 and RGS) at Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University¡ Borujerd Branch. In this research the effects of GA3 (0.05 Mm)¡ SA (5 M) and NaCl (75¡ 100 and 150 Mm) on Na and K changes in root¡ shoot¡ specific leaf area (SLA)¡ leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were evaluated. The results showed that increasing salinity decreased the SLA¡ LWR and LAR while it decreased the K ion and increase the Na ion content as compared with those of control treatment. Applying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid increased SLA¡ LWR and K ion content in root and shoot of the two cultivars significantly¡ but the effect of GA3 on these traits in higher concentration of NaCl (150 Mm) was not significant. It is therefore concluded that Hayola401 was more tolerant to salinity stress as compared to RGS cultivar.

To study competitive effects of different densities of wild oat (Avena fatua) with triticale lines an experiment was conducted at Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran during 2011-2012 with 3 replications. Treatments were 19 triticale lines and 6 densities of wild oat (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 plants m-2). Results indicated that effects of wild oat densities on thousand seed weight and seed yield of triticale lines were significant at 1% probability level. Also, tiller number per plant and biological yield of triticale lines were affected by the weed densities. While, wild oat traits under study were not affected by triticale lines. Hexaploid lines of triticale could tolerate 40 weed plants m-2 without any significant reduction in1000 seed weight. Wild oat density of 120 and higher plants m-2 had negative effect on seed yield of hexaploid lines of triticale.

To evalauate the influences of irrigation time with wastewater of Iran mayhes factory (producing leaven) on some morphological characters and yield of faba bean, a factorial experiment carried out on the base of randomized complete block design (CRBD) in Iran Mayehs factory farm in spring2012. Experimental factors consisted of irrigation times at 3 levels I1 = one irrigation with determined amount of wastewater, I2 = two irrigations with determined amount of wastewater, I3 = irrigation during the growth period of plants with determined amount of wastewater) and wastewater concentration at 6 levels (P0 = irrigation with normal water (control), P15=15% wastewaters normal water, P30= 30% wastewaters normal, P45= 45% wastewaters normal water, P60= 60% wastewaters normal water, P100= all wastewater) with three replications. Results showed that the effect irrigation numbers on traits such as plant height, number of pods per plant and seed yield was significant. Results also revealed that the effect of weastwater concentration on1000seed weight was significant. The interaction of number of irrigations by weastwater concentrations on stem dry weight was also signification. Evaluation of different treatments showed that 45 percent concentration of wastewater was increased traits under study. It seems, that controlled irrigation of bean with wastewater of factory (producing yeast) can be effective in improving its yield in the region.

Water and nitrogen are among the most important limiting factors controlling yield in crops. With due attention to importance this subject, in wheat a split plot experiment was carried out in the field, using randomized complete block design with three replications under different irrigation and nitrogen levels during the cropping season of 2009-10 in Shirvan region. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation, I1= optimum irrigation (field capacity, FC), I2= Irrigation at 80% FC, I3= Irrigation at 60% FC and I4= without irrigation which were assign to main-plots, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizers, namely, N1= 0, N2= 100, N3= 175 and N4= 250 kg N/ha to sub-plots. The results of experiment showed that the highest amount of seed yield, biological yield, leaf area index during different growth stages, radiation use efficiency and nitrogen content in whole wheat and seed obtained from treatment of optimum irrigation (I1) and applications of highest nitrogen fertilizer level (N4), but there wasn’t significant different between this treatment with treatment of optimum irrigation and consumption of 175 kg N/ha (I1N3). The lowest values were obtained from treatment of no irrigation and nitrogen (I4N1). For nitrogen use efficiency there was two different conditions. In the first condition, nitrogen use efficiency increased under optimum irrigation (I1) and irrigation at 80% FC (I2) with increasing nitrogen level from N1 to N4. In the second condition, nitrogen use efficiency decreased under irrigation of 60% FC (I3) and without irrigation (I4) with increasing nitrogen level from N1 to N4. Generally, it can be concluded that to obtain the highest yield in region, optimum irrigation is necessary. To obtain highest nitrogen fertilizer consumption and seed yield 250 kg N/ha would be required however there wasn’t significant difference between 250 an 175 kg N/ha applications.

This research was conducted to study the relation of some of physiological and morphological traits to grain yield and yield components in 11 lines and 4 cultivars (Oroum (C-83-7), Zareh (C-83-8), Mihan (C-84-8) and Zarrin) of Triticum aestivum in a randomized completely black design with three replications at Research Station of Miyandoab during 2010-2011. The results of variance analysis indicated that there were among the lines and cultivars under study for plant height, the number of spikelet per spike, the number of grain per spike, the weight of grain per spike, weight of internode, spike length and the weight of spike at 1% probability level and for grain yield at 5% in probability. This shows that there was genetic variability among the genotypes for traits under study. The line of Zrn/shiroodi was found to be highest producer (9422 kg/ha). Results of back Ward regression method indicated that the number of spike per squared meter, the weight of other internodes and spikelet height accounted 15.5 of variations for grain yield. Results due to path analysis indicated that the grain yield was increased by increasing spike length (0.749) and the number of spike in squared meter (0.442). Cluster analysis using Ward method, based on the traits under study divided the genotypes into two groups. Thus it can be concluded that traits under study can be used in breeding programs to select promising and high yielding wheat genotypes.

To evaluate the effects of different doses of oxyfluorfen and trifluralin herbicides on weeds control, economic and biologic yield of garlic var. Mazand (Allium sativum L.). An experiment was conducted in the form of simple randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012 - 2013 year. Factor studied were: one application of trifluralin and oxyfluorfen 1.5, 2 and 2.5 lit.ha-1, two applications of oxyfluorfen 1.5 lit.ha-1, hand weeding control and without weeding control.Results showed that using different doses of herbicides significantly affected density and biomass of weeds. Two applicarions of oxyfluorfen with 1.5 liters per hectare and hand weeding were best options to reduce of weeds biomass. Using of oxyfluorfen herbicide (2 and 2.5 liters) resulted in little damage and low stable on garlic. Using of different herbicides with different doses were significant on plant height, number of cloves per bulb, 100 seed weight, biological and economical yield and harvest index. Lowest economic yield was due to control treatment (540 g.m-2) and highest was obtained by using 1.5 liter of oxyfluorfen herbicide (1661.67 g.m-2), hand weeding (1686.67 g.m-2) and split oxyfluorfen application (1670 g.m-2). Finally, oxyfluorfen treatment (1.5 liter) on 3 to 4 weeds leaf, were identified as the most appropriate treatments.

To evaluate genetic diversityamong 65 potato genotypes along with Agria, Draga and Marfona cultivars as controls an experiment based augmented design with three blocks was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Ardabil, Iran, during two years(2007-2008).During the growing period and after harvest, the traits such as days number till tuberization, growth period, main stem number per plant, plant height, total and marketable tuber number and weight per plant, marketable tuber yield and dry matter percent were measured. The ANONA results showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for main stem number per plant, plant height, total and marketable tuber number and weight per plant, marketable tuber yield, days number till tuberization and dry matter percent.The main stem number per plant, plant height, total and marketable tuber number and weight per plant and marketable tuber yield traits, had high but days number till tuberization and dry matter percent relativelyhighdiversity. Cluster analysis divided the 65 genotypes into four groups.The third group consisted of five genotypes (Caesar, Luca, Kennebec, Satina cultivars and 397007-9) were found to be higher in total and marketable tuber number per plant, marketable tuber yield than over all mean and the controls. In factor analysis, four independent factors represented 73.49% of the total variations. They were named as 1- yield and its components (marketable tuber yield, total and marketable tuber number and weight per plant), 2- the structural traits (plant height and number of main stems per plant), 3- quality (dry matter percent) and 4- phonology (number of days to tuberization) factors, respectively.

To compare the yield and yield components of direct seeded rice cultivars along with fish culture, a field experiments was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments in Astara during 2012 growing season. Analysis of variance of the data collected showed that there were significant differences among the traits of rice cultivars at %5 probability for panicle length and at %1 probability level for plant height, seed diameter, panicle weight, 1000 kernel weight, No. of kernel per panicle, straw weight and paddy yield. Mean comparisons showed that Gohar among the cultivars under study due to its high yield potential with average 6378 kg/ha was the most suitable cultivar under direct seeded rice along with fish culture. Producing 1100.82 kg/ha of fish in rice fields not only increases farmers income it also reduces production costs. These results, consequently, justify the possible extension of rice-fish production as a sustainable agricultural system in rice growing regions of Astara and similar areas of Iranian Caspian coasts.

This study was designed to optimize the use of organic and chemical fertilizer combinations in the production of red pepper to reduce costs and avoid environmental pollution. Therefore, the effect of 12 different treatments of animal and chemical fertilizers was studied in a randomized complete block design on yield and active ingredient (Capsaicin) red pepper. Variance analysis of the data indicated significant differences at 1% level among the different treatments. Mean comparisons with Duncan's test at 1%, revealed that the maximum yields with averages of 7.6, 7.3 and 7.2 ton.ha-1 were obtained in the treatment numbers of 10 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. 20 ton.ha-1, 60, 50 and 50 kg.ha-1), 12 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, 40 ton.ha-1, 20, 16 and 16 kg.ha-1), and 8 (40 ton.ha-1 of organic fertilizer) respectively. Variance analysis of active ingredient percentage showed significant differences at the 5% level. Highest active ingredient with average 0.1747% was obtained in treatment of number 3 (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively 150, 100 and 100 kg.ha-1). In general it can be concluded that yield could be increased by using a proper combination of organic and chemical fertilizers.