فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1395)

The Urbanization of Islamic period, which affected by Islamic beliefs, differed from that in Sassanid period. This research endeavors to reveal the perspective of economic atmosphere of Islamic cities in region of study subject. Such perspective has been provided by employing the documents and written historical information in Muslim geographer's books based on historical approach. Furthermore, such research investigates not only the effect of geographical elements on the inhabitant's livelihood from 10th to 15th century with geographical dispersion of Iran's south- western zones but also the influence of governments on economical and livelihood perspective of such cities in Islamic period. The natural, political- cultural reasons, secure commercial roads and governmental policies had a significant impact on the means of livelihood. The available geographical and historical texts have offered credible evidence of the explanation of the elements such as urbanization, agricultural, gardening, industry, trade and urban services in such period with a social perspective of such cities.

This Study tries to investigate the status of history science in common classification of science done by Muslim and its challenges. The scholars and philosophers, who believed in originality of knowledge and rational science, did not accept history as a science. Religious scholars had two various viewpoints for scientific status of history. Most of historians have classified it in traditional sciences related to religion based on its features including subject, method, importance and purpose. Others have considered history as a non-religious science related to literature. Literature_ historians, based on their values and social position, believe that history is a literary science for its subject aspect and also it is a servant science for politicians due to its profit and goal features. Some historians like Ibn Khaldun endeavored to define history as a science of human society with independent subject and method because of such epistemic challenge for history science. However, the Ibn Khaldun's theory has not been regarded by recent historians and scholars. In fact, history has remained as traditional science which is related to theological science and a tool for religious values and politics.

The religious discourse of Qajar era can be considered not only as a slogan oriented and popular Phenomena but also as an unadaptable one with new social situation due to the social, political, cultural and religious reasons. Generally, the religious sites are incapable to perform their prime function in amendment and improvement of total discourse in religious context despite of their considerable quantity and variety except the mosques which fulfilled their educational activities in framework of theological schools beside their devotional function. The present essay endeavors to investigate the effects of such sites in amendment and improvement of Tehran's religious discourse during Qajar era based on library resources with analytical- descriptive approach. The outcome of research reveals the impact of mosque- Schools on affairs such as enhancement of educational and logical aspects of religious beliefs in the context of society, the awareness of scholars and theological students for social needs, avoidance of superstation, protection of religious beliefs, answering to religious questions and doubts and moderation...

The historical narratives demonstrate that Ibn Salam became Muslim in the first year of Hejrat. Nevertheless, he did not play a significant role in the battles and remarkable events during the period of Prophet. After the death of Prophet, he became an influential character by approaching to the government. Subsequently, he had the permit for narrating the traditions in the period of the prohibition of Hadith and also defended the Caliph's performance especially in the revolt against Osman. Moreover, the Caliphs and Bani Omayeh endeavored to promote the religious and political position of Ibn Salam in society by means such as the replacement of unauthentic religious authorities instead of prophet's family i.e. Imam Ali, claim of some verses describing the faith of Ibn salam and fictitious traditions to admire him. The purpose of Bani Omayeh for supporting Ibn salam was to obtain public consideration and to strengthen its legitimacy. Such policy had effects on scholars who made mistake interpretation about Ibn Salam's character. Consequently, they narrated the inaccurate verses about him.

Prophet (Peace be upon him)’s methodology in managing of wars and Muslim warriors in comparison with caliph's period is one of significant discussions which requires fundamental and multidimensional investigations. Comparison of Prophet (Peace be upon him)’s management of wars and Muslim warriors with three first caliphs is one of the substantial subjects that its study and explanation can not only solve many of subsequent uncertainties of changes in early history of Islam but also clarify intrigues of Imam Ali’s caliphate. This essay tries to investigate the Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him)’s methodology in wars and management of Muslim warriors in comparison with the caliph's policies based on original references and comparative-analytical approach. The main questions of present research are: what is the difference between Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him)’s methodology and caliphs in managing wars and Muslim Warriors? And what were the effects of these two different policies on future of Islamic society? It seems that Prophet (Peace be upon him)’s methodology was based on commandments and justice. However, during the periods of Caliphs, this procedure became based on unfair treatment and giving privilege according to interests during Caliph's era. Consequently, such procedure not only led to the turning of Islamic society into class system and conflict of interests but also resulted in emerge of intrigues including Jamal, Saffeyn and Nahravan wars that took place after 35 A.H.

The relations between Iran and United states can be considerable for a number of reasons such as the recognition of international and regional position, the political status of Iran in recent two decades and the diplomacy of Iranian authorities. The present essay endeavors not only to determine the effective factors in the relations between Iran and United States during World War II based on descriptive-analytical approach but also to answer this question: what is the impact of Economic- political necessities of Iran and United states on the formation of their relations? The outcomes of research demonstrate that the tendency of Iranian authorities to Third Power was not only for reducing the pressure of Russia and England but also for resolving the economic and political problems. Furthermore, the effort of United States for playing an active role in global economic and political fields and exploiting of the strategic position of Iran can have influence on the relations between two countries.

The Importance of Isfahan's Jameh mosque is not only for its architectural and artistic values but also for its function as a firm economic, social and religious base in its lifetime. Such considerable construction has been regarded as an encyclopedia for art and architecture by architects and historians. Although writing memorials on the walls of monuments led to their destruction, some of such manuscripts can demonstrate social, economic and religious information and reflect the historical documents and the events of their time. This essay endeavors to introduce such memorials and extract their historical information. The main questions of this research are: What kind of historical information can be obtained from these memorial and what is the relationship between these manuscripts and such religious construction? These manuscripts can not only be investigated in terms of writing method, the literary style and the content but also present the folk literature and people's beliefs. Moreover, some of them can be regarded to be a source of historical documents because of their terms. The major subjects in such manuscripts are Quran's verses and Hadiths, poetries, complex Writing, writer's name and date, requests, autobiographies, writing practice and demanding for keeping the manuscripts. There are also some memorial motifs and figures including hands images, cavalier(horse rider), patterns of human, animals, plants and geometric figures on walls and pillars of mosque.
The present essay tries to examine all parts of mosque by employing field research method and precisely determining the context, the type of calligraphy and its level of manuscripts.

Historiography of Iran has considerably fluctuated from its advent. Indeed, fall and rise of governments have played a significant role in such fluctuation. In other words, the rise of great governments and even local ones led to the advent of historical texts in order to make such governments eternal and give them legitimacy. Undoubtedly, the writing of historical texts depended on such necessity. However, the foundation of Seljuk government in Iran did not led to the spreading of historiography. The available historical texts were produced out of territory of Seljuks and without of their support. In other words, historiography did not spread remarkably in this period. The remaining historical texts were disappeared due to lack of Seljuk consideration for them. Such amazing issue needs to be analyzed. The Present study tries to investigate the reasons of historiography weakness in Seljuk Empire in Iran.