مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 86، خرداد 1395)

Perceived social support in emotional, informational ,and instrumental dimensions has an important role in minimizing the adverse effects of chronic health problems. Consequently, measuring social support is of paramount importance, particularly for evaluating supportive treatments provided to patients with heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the HF patients’ perceived social support inventory.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Hamedan, Iran. Initially, five valid and standardized questionnaires were combined to generate a single inventory. The face and the content validity of the generated inventory were confirmed by 20 specialists in psychology and instrument development. Then, a convenience sample of 50 patients with HF was recruited and the validity and reliability of the inventory was assessed through calculating its content, face and construct validity, Cronbach’s alpha, and test-retest correlation coefficient. The data were analyzed through conducting the Kolmogrov-Smirnov and the Tukey’s tests and analysis of variance as well as calculating Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient. Measures of descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used for data presentation.
The Content Validity Index and KMO were 0.92 and 0.817. The test-retest correlation coefficient and the Cronbach’s alpha of the inventory were α= 0.895 and 0.87, respectively. Moreover, examining the correlation of the scores of the inventory with the scores of a standardized social support questionnaire yielded a correlation coefficient of r = 0.654, denoting an acceptable validity.
The findings of the present study indicate that the HF Patients’ Perceived Social Support Inventory has an acceptable validity and reliability. Consequently, this inventory is an appropriate disease-specific inventory for measuring perceived social support among patients with HF.

Nowadays, the excessive use of antibiotics has caused bacteria to develop new resistant forms, so that discovering bioactive antimicrobial compounds has been considered by researchers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethyl acetate extract of red algae (Gelidiella acerosa) on some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in laboratory conditions.
In this in vitro study, 4 different concentrations of 10-80 mg/ml of ethyl acetate extracts were tested on 3 strains of gram-positive bacteria (Lactoccocus garviae¡ Listeria monocytogenes ,and Staphylococcus aureus) and 4 strains of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae¡ Proteus vulgaris, and Photobacterium damselae), using disc diffusion technique and measuring growth inhibition zone. The results were compared with two standard antibiotics. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test was conducted using serial dilutions method. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean differences among the different groups, and Duncan’s test was used to determine the mean differences between pairs of groups.
In this study, K. pneumoniae bacteria showed more sensitivity against algae extract with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 12.50±1.33 mm at concentration of 80 mg/ml, which was significant (p0.05).
The results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate extract of red algae (Gelidiella acerosa) , in laboratory conditions, has greater antibacterial effect on K. pneumoniae, E. coli, L. garviae and P. damsella microrganisms.

Psychological disorders, especially obesity and depression, are the common health problems which are growing all over the world especially in the developing countries. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between BMI (Body Mass Idex) and psychological disorders by using SCL-90-R (Symptom Checklist-90) questionnaire according to the demographic characteristics among nursing, midwifery and paramedical students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2015.
In this cross-sectional study, 404 students were selected using stratified sampling and random selection. Demographic questionnaire was used to compelete the studends’ personal information and then psychological disorders were determined using SCL-90-R self- report questionnaire Height and weight were measured by using standard equipments and then, students’ BMI values were calculated. Data were analyzed by using independent t-test, Chi-square and ANOVA and the value of p The study showed that 70% of the participants (282people ) were girls and 78.5% (317) of them were single. Most of the students were non- native and lived in dormitory or rental house, and 42.2% (169 students) were Sophomore. It was observed a significant relationship between BMI and somatisation in the girls (p= 0.020), and also between BMI and hostility in the single students (p= 0.046). This study found a significant association between BMI and obsession(p= 0.038( and a weaker significant relationship with depression in the native students (p= 0.054).
This study found a significant positive association between BMI and somatization in the girls, hostility in the single students, as well as, between obsession and depression in the native students.

The AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) epidemic is considerably widespread across the world, turning out to be an exigent problem. Some groups such as barbers have a more effective role in HIV/AIDS transmission. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to enhance HIV-preventive behaviors among male barbers in Sirjan.
This was an educational trial study. Two hundred male barbers attending health centers in Sirjan city, were selected to participate in this study (100 in intervention group and 100 in control group). The intervention was conducted over two sessions in 60 minutes. Data were collected by conducting a validated and reliable questionnaire made by researcher (including 49 questions) before intervention and three months after intervention. Data was analyzed by chi-square, Fisher's exact, paired t-test and independent t-test.
After intervention, knowledge scores increased significantly in both intervention and control group, which was probably due to the routine education program in that center. Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy changed significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group (p0.05).
HBM was effective in educating the male barbers. Therefore, it is proposed traditional training methods along with the HBM in training barbers.

Noise pollution is one of the environmental problems which can have adverse effects on public health. In this study, the effect of noise pollution on public health of the citizens of Omidiyeh is considered.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the autumn of 2015 for a month. Sound Level Meter testo 815 was used to measure the sound. Measurements were done in the 7-9 am, 12-14 am and 19-21 pm periods , at three commercial, residential and commercial-residential locations. Then, using the General Health Questionnaire(GHQ), major complications of noise pollution on public health, including impaired concentration, disturbed sleep ,…,were studied in four different groups of citizens. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and comparison of pair groups was performed by Duncan,s test.
Analysis of the results showed that the intensity of sound levels in all time periods and in all three regions weer higher than standard. The results of the questionnaire showed that the major side effects of noise pollution related to the sub-indices of (B and C) and Ahave respectively been on passers-by and shopkeepers in the crowded streets more than others )p Due to higher than standard levels of noise in the city, the need to identify sources of noise and plan to reduce sound levels is recommended.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although, the contribution of various cells such as B cells, CD8 T cells, microglia/macrophages, dendritic cells, asterocytes and mast cells in the pathogenesis of MS have been demonstrated, however, it seems that autoreactive myelin specific CD4 T cells play a central role in pathological events contributing in MS pathogenesis. The aim was to evaluate the recent findings regarding the properties of T lymphocyte subsets and their roles in pathogenesis of MS disease. Functionally, distinct effector T cells are induced from naïve T cells upon antigenic stimulation, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and regulatory T (Treg) cells which are characterized based on their cytokine patterns. Of the activated T cells, Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ, Th17 cells producing IL-17, Th9 releasing IL-9, and Th22 secreting IL-22 play major roles in MS development, while Th2 cells producing IL-4, and Treg cells secreting IL-10 and TGF-β have been associated with a reduction of CNS inflammation and improvement of MS. The modulation of Th1, Th17, Th9 and Th22 cells activity and the promotion of Th2 and Treg cell-related responses can be more consider for immunological treatment of MS disease.

Environment and human health conservation is very important in the use of chemical pesticides for pest control. The aim of this study was investigation of farmer's attitude toward pest control methods in Rafsanjan county.
This cross-sectional research was performed by field survey. The questionnaire consisted of questions on quality and quantity of pesticides and different pest control methods based on saaty’s scale The statistical population included 130 farmers in Rafsanjan. The data were reported by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analyzed by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model.
The results showed that effectiveness and environmental criteria of pest control method had the highest and the lowest importance in farmers’ opinions, respectively. Therefore, chemical control had priority over other methods.
Chemical control method was the best method in pistachio farmers’ opinions, due to its more effectiveness in pest control. Therefore, farmers need to be educated and encouraged to use non-chemical and integrated methods to maintain their health and the environment.

Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions (RSA) is defined as the repeated occurrence of 2 or more miscarriages before 20th week of gestation. RSA is a multifactorial disorder and genetic defects are considered as one of the major risk factors for recurrent miscarriage. It seems the progesterone receptor gene polymorphisms to be one of the genetic factors involved in the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between the progesterone receptor gene polymorphisms and RSA.
In this cross-sectional study, a total of 50 women with at least two repeated abortions as patients group and 50 women without abortion history and with at least two successful pregnancy as control group were screened for two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), G1031C and G1978T, in progesterone receptor gene using PCR-ARMS technique. Data was analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.
In SNP G1031C, the frequencies of GG, CC and GC alleles in the control group were 72%, 6% and 22%, respectively and in the patients were respectively 54%, 16% and 30% (P =0.008) in which the difference was statistically significant. In SNP G1978T, the frequencies of GG, TT and GT alleles in the controlgroup were 76%, 0% and 24%, respectively and in the patients were respectively 70%, 2% and 28% (P =0.510) in which the difference in two groups was not statistically significant.
The results of this study showed that the polymorphism G1031C is significantly higher in the patients with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) than in the control subjects. However the association between the polymorphism G1978T and RSA is not significant. Therefore, the same study in a larger population may suggest the G1031C as a diagnostic marker for susceptibility to recurrent miscarriage.