مجله نظارت و بازرسی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1386)

Ethical values effect on lots of decision making and behaviors of managers and personnel in organizations. Various studies have been done on management behavior and behavior in organizations and each have tried to collect relevant theories or propose new theories. If we consider the ethical behavior as a «suitable» and «rightful» behavior, in this article our purpose is to find and propose a framework for ethical behavior in organizations in order to better the individual performance and coordinate organizational elements on the basis of ethical behavior to achieve a high organizational performance.
The theory of strategic reference points, proposes a proper framework for coordinating affecting factors on behavior. Using this theory and social learning model, we can recognize the behavioral manners and achieve a base for determining (proper) ethical behavior. And also, organizational elements (purposes and strategies, formation, technology and demographics) can be coordinated through the theory of reference points on the basis of individual behavior. This coordination can lead to a higher performance of organization.

Public supervision is the prominent pattern and representative of national ruling right, public participation right and open criticism within the society. Based on the point of view of Islam, the purpose of all decision making and governmental actions is for maintaining the public interest and is stipulated to that. For example, the government is the safe keeper of information and national interest and apart from some exceptions; they should inform people of news and conditions. One of the main problems of modern political philosophies is specifying the scale of citizen's participation in sociological matters. Citizen's public participation in administrating country matters necessitates their freedom in making suggestion. Directing to right and deterring the bad manners from the point of view of citizens toward the government is also recognized as a duty (the 8th principle), also the freedom in expressing opinions in the medias (the 24th and 175th principle) are all signs of this reality;
A reality which is rooted in Islamic principles. According to instruction which is described in this article, we can openly say that the supervision right and open criticism to rulers in not found in any political system as much as Islamic system.

people's «description» of phenomena depends on their approaches. In other words, various approaches lead to different descriptions from a single phenomenon. From the juridical point of view, a «proper» behavior is the one which is accorded to «legal rule»; However, managerial approach emphasizes on «efficiency» and «effectiveness» and although the law must not be broken, «informal organization » is considered as a natural phenomenon which has also positive features and effects. This difference in approaches is one of the most underlying theoretical issues in inspection and control. The practical emergence of this theoretical issue is that sometimes inspectors and controllers face this practical issue-which has the potential to be worsened to a challenge and crisis-that organizations, offices or agents or lacked the needed efficiency and did not posit organizational objectives, nevertheless, no legal violation can be attributed to them, or the managers, have apparently developed efficiency and effectiveness, although they have broken the regulations unintentionally.

Although the advent of psycho measuring in police domain was done with a meaningful delay, in a short time after the experiential onset of psycho measuring process in the police organization, the failure resulted from that delay was removed. Less than 3 decades after the onset of psycho measuring in police organization, the police psycho measuring domain developed to more than 10 domains. This development is beholden to scientific researches and attempts of experts who worked hard on this new field of «applied psycho measuring of police ». In the second place, the other reason for fast development in psycho measuring domain is the ever-increasing endorsement of police chiefs. When they discovered the advantages of psycho measuring, they did their best to extend and develop it. This high acceptance has turned the psycho measuring into the main and inseparable process of control, inspection, and measurement of police chiefs and officers.

Safety in a country is generated whenever there is mental safety, and mental safety is generated from safety feeling and the safety feeling is a demonstration of a community for enhancing the safety feeling. The purpose of this research was to study the influences of public supervision on enhancing the safety feeling in community. Research method, involves the statistical community (above 15) of Tehran citizens that the areas of 2, 5, 7, 12, 18 were chosen among the 20 areas of Tehran and then inside every chosen areas by the method of sampling 350 people as a sample of statistics, were studied. The implement of evaluation was a survey which was filled by interviewing with citizens. Achieved data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical techniques (unity factor, Will Caxon exam, Smirnoff exam), also by Excel and Spsssoftwares. These findings showed that public supervision is an effective and useful tool that by using that, citizen's satisfaction from the perspective of safety and comfort- emergence and prosperity of mutual trust in society- active and positive society acceptance of citizens- citizen's acceptance of responsibility and participation- will be guaranteed. Therefore it is suggested that for recognizing and changing the effective parameters of public supervision, a scientific study be done so that the police will be notified of its services and functions and this will be a big help for police through providing safety and order in the area and society.

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he main issue of this article is about the public supervision from point of view of Islam. for clarification we have initially focused on the preliminary issues of supervision such as the definition of the supervision, importance, reason, status, levels and effective supervision. This supervision has been studied in three specific types. The main level is God's supervision that precisely records and handles all of human's works and even his intention. In addition to God's supervision, there are two other supervisions interrelated with that. One of them is direct and indirect supervision of Imam and Master of Muslims by practicing different supervisory implements in community. The other one is public supervision in which people of a community supervise each other, their master and public systems. In religion we know the public supervision by the perception of "directing to right and deterring the bad manners" which belongs to canon law and reminds people of their big responsibility toward people manners and also public systems which is funded by public property resources. From religion point of view, indifference and negligence is not accepted in a society and as the prophet Muhammad said: all of people are responsible toward each other.
There is more definition about this kind of supervision in the article. Public supervision obstacles such as fear, greed, comfort, determinism and … has been proposed, and the pernicious influence of lack of public supervision has been broached in ten devilish steps. Within the article the methods of public supervision such as strategy, use of art, psychological reformation, affection motivation, training, designing, repetition, respect, silence, cessation and … has been thoroughly proposed.

Formulating and serving Iran's 20-year-panorama and requiring all of country's administrative system and also Islamic Republic of Iran Police Force, in attempting to reach it, has entailed the approach for development of applied research system. Performance scope of some applied research offices especially the staff departments which have the general and comprehensive role, due to some reasons, have had some overlaps with Performance scope of other offices.
AJA inspection which in a form of a specialized administration is responsible for control and inspection is one of these offices that because of exploiting basic information consequent on executing diverse duties is more liable to responsibilities overlaps with domains such as education, social, planning and juridical ones.
NAJA researching framework which has been formulated and executed with the purpose of increasing the production of general knowledge of police, in mass management (research staff) is responsible for decreasing these overlaps and guiding the allotted resources toward necessary and especial staff issues which must be executed by applied research.
Recognizing the affecting factors on forming the domain overlaps in applied research with purpose of predicting suitable ways of beat, needs analysis or problem measurement based on responsibilities analysis, full and determined inspection role execution, reinforcing the suitable intelligence system and practicing data banks in work execution, are part of achieved results and suggestions in this matter.

This article emphasis that inspection is basically a quality subject and it focuses on inspection qualities and the three basic pillars of it.


Inspector:the first part’ this article focuses on three parameters of competence, independence and professional judgment that having these three parameters is mandator for every inspector. During the inspection, no bias, external and organizational pressure must affect on inspector's job.

Inspection Performance:with a functionalism view towards a kind of meaningful inspection, it is formed from three parts.
A) Standard and coordinating the planned works with other inspection departments.
B) Research in order to facilitate the perception of a plan or the process which is supposed to be inspected.
C) Planning which the inspection process is defined precise and timely

Data collection and analysis:it depends on factors such as meaningful data and being trustful, detailed, accountable. The report which is extracted from the data must be timely, precise, convincing, thorough, and brief. Generally the report must express the area purposes, inspection process, and it should reflect the conformity of inspection quality policies for inspection. And finally the report must be qualitative and multidimensional rather than one-dimensional.