نشریه آفت کش ها در علوم گیاه پزشکی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat & Lauterer (Hem.: Psyllidae), is the most important pest of pistachio orchards in Iran which reduces the quantity and quality of the product. Several different synthetic insecticides have been used to control psylla by gardeners. To reduce the use of chemical insecticides, application of kaolin particle film was tested in the Pistachio orchards in Bardaskan region in Razavi Khorasan province in the year 2012. Different concentrations of kaolin clay (Sepidan® WP 95%) (3 and 5%) and Acetamipride insecticide (Mospilan® SP 20%) were sprayed three times over the whole canopy of pistachio trees at 4–5 week intervals from mid May to mid July. Based on the field observations, kaolin application deterred psylla oviposition. The percentage of oviposition deterrency, 7 days after spraying, were 93, 82, and 41% for kaolin (5%), kaolin (3%) and control treatments, respectively. Also, oviposition deterrency for psylla, up to 21 days after spraying, in kaolin treatments were comparable with the synthetic chemical insecticide treatment, so that, the rate of oviposition deterrency were 87, 79, and 23%, in the kaolin (5%), kaolin (3%) and control treatments, respectively.The result also show that, the fruit dry weight & shell dehiscence were increased and there was an improvement in the number of fruits per ounce & reduction in the percentage of blank fruits in the kaolin treatments. Therefore, kaolin (Sepidan® WP 95%) spray over the whole canopy of pistachio trees (5% concentration), could be used successfully against the psylla to reduce its oviposition on pistachio.

This experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 at Agricultural Research Centers of Safi Abad of Dezful, Isfahan and Tehran (Karaj), I. R. Iran, to evaluate the efficacy ofselectedherbicides on weeds and yield of direct seeded tomato. The complete randomized block design was used with 9 treatments in three replications. Treatments included: pre-emergence and post emergence application of metribuzin (Sencor® 70% WP) at 4-leaf stage of tomato at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, preplant incorporated application of oxyfluorfen (Goal® 24% EC) at 2 kg/ha, pre-plant incorporated application of napropamide (Devrinol® 45% FL) at 2.5 and 4.5 kg/ha, weedy and weed free checks. The experimental results at Safi Abad of Dezful for the reduction of total weed density indicated, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen were the most effective herbicide treatments. Also weed free check and post-emergence application ofmetribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, were the most effective treatments in increase the yield of tomato fruits. In Isfahan, in reduction of the total weed density, oxyfluorfen and post-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and in tomato yield increase, weed free check, napropamide at 4.5 kg/ha, pre and postemergence application of metribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, respectively, were the most effective herbicide treatments. The results of Karaj showed that pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen in reduction of total weed density, and for tomato yield increase weed free check, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen, were the most effective herbicide treatments.

Downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis is one of the most important diseases ofgreenhouse cucumber which causes significant economic losses in Iran annually. For the assessment of cyazofamid (Ranman® SC 400) efficacy on the control of this disease as a new and safe fungicide, three locations in Yazd province with precedent infection were selected and in situ assays were carried out with 5 treatments and four replications during the years 2010 and 2011. Treatments included Ranman in doses of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ml/1000L, Famoxadone 16.6%) Cymoxanil (22.1%) (Equation® pro WDG 52.5%) at a rate of 0.3 g/1000L when the first symptoms of the disease was observed and the results were compared with the control without spraying. The disease severity was assessed when the disease percentage in the control treatment was estimated at 50%. Data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan's multiple range tests used for mean comparison. Results indicated that fungicide application caused significant decrease in the disease severity compared to control treatment. The highest disease control occurred in treatment of cyazofamid at 0.4 ml/1000L (75.77%) and 0.3 ml/l followed by Equation pro at 0.3 g 1000L (68.48 and 66.6% respectively) application rates. The lowest control percent was that of cyazofamid at 0.2 ml/1000L application rate (40.91%). In conclusion, cyazofamid at 0.3-0.4 ml/1000L is recommended for the disease control.

Cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. is a key pest and one of the important pests of cherry and sour cherry varieties in Iran. After mating adult Female insert eggs under the peel of late cherry varieties with their ovipositor at the time of fruit color change. Larvae develop inside the fruit and feed on the fruit flesh within the fruit. At present, 1 to 3 times spraying are carried out to control this pest in different parts of the country. This study was carried out in Karaj and Bojnord regions during 2007 and 2008. In order to reduce environmental pollution and the use of pesticides, One and two times spraying of Hydrolyzed Protein and malathion (malathion® EC 57%) at the lower one third of the tree canopy, once and two times spraying of the tree trunks to a height of 2 meters above the ground with spinosad (GF-120), two and three times spraying of the tree trunks to a height of 2 meters above the ground with hydrolyzed protein and malathion, with control treatment and spraying the entire tree canopy (conventional method) was used. The aim was to attract the adult pests so as to feed and absorb the pesticides and the toxic compound and to destroy them. Assessment was performed by random observation of 160 fruits per replicate. Results indicated that out of seven experimental treatments, spraying of malathion and hydrolyzate protein on one-third of lower part of tree canopy twice a season in 1386 in Bojnord (mean±SE:4.42±0.674) and Karaj (mean±SE: 4.3775±0.57) and doing the same procedure in following year, 2008, in above mentioned locations, Bojnord (mean±SE: 2.243±0.227) and Karaj (mean±SE: 2.815±0.65), along with using poison baits sprayed on bark from soil surface to 2m higher with of malathion and hydrolyzate protein in 3 times in the year 2007 in Bojnord (mean±SE: 3.597±0.18) and Karaj (mean±SE: 4.69±0.83) and doing the same procedure in following year, 2008, in Bojnord (mean±SE: 4.848±0.93) and in Karaj (mean±SE: 1.407±0.24) and also spraying with spinosad (GF- 120®) on bark from soil surface to 2m higher in the year 2007 in Bojnord (mean±SE: 3.5975±0.47) and in Karaj (mean±SE: 4.22±0.24) and doing the same in following year, 2008, in Bojnord(mean: 4.484±1.23) and in Karaj (mean±SE: 2.97±0.497) had it best results.

Efficacy of metalaxyl-mancozeb (Rosalaxyl® WP 72%) in controlling of cucumber damping off disease agent (Phytophthora drechsleri) was studied under field and glasshouse conditions. Treatments were different doses of Rosalaxyl as the new and metalaxyl (Ridomil® G 5%) as the reference fungicide. Field trials were done in micro plots at Complete Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 4 replications as soil drench system. Glasshouse trials were done at Complete Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications at three continuous sequences as soil drench, soil incorporation and combination of the two methods. Trials were done during the years 2012-13 in Karaj. Evaluation of treatments was carried out by the determination of the percentage of infected plants in the period from emergence to 4-leaf stage. The results of the field trials show that Rosalaxyl WP 72% at the rates of 0.2% and 0.3% and Ridomil G 5% at the rate of 0.2% have the same effects and decreased the occurrence of the disease by 74%, 74.67% and 67% respectively compared to the control treatment. The results of the glasshouse trials show that in “Soil Incorporation” application method, Rosalaxyl at the rate of 300 g/m3 of soil decreased the disease rate by 63.51% with the “Soil Drench System” application method, Rosalaxyl at the rate of 0.3% by 74.50% and in the integration of the two application systems, at the rate of 300 g/m3 of soil as soil incorporation method and at the rate of 0.3% as soil drench method along with the irrigation water at 2-leaf stage with 87.11% had the best effects in controlling of cucumber Damping-off disease compared with the control. Based on the present results, Rosalaxyl is recommended to be applied at the rate of 0.2% to control Damping-off disease of cucumber both in field and nurseries as soil drench system. Meanwhile, as a component of integrated control method in glasshouse, the application of Rosalaxyl at the rate of 300 g/m3 as pre-sowing by soil incorporation method and at the rate of 0.2% in the 2 leaf stage by soil drench method is recommended.

Potato yellow broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) is a serious pest of fallseason potato cultivation in Jiroft Region. Application of acaricides is usually done to protect mite pest damages. The main aim of the study is to compare the efficiency of different sprayers in the control of the mite pests so as to reduce the pesticide consumption. In this study the efficiency of 4 different types of sprayers including: knapsack micronear sprayers (model: KP 4000-N10 (KM), motorized knapsack mist blowers sprayer with electrostatic head (MKME), motorized knapsack mist blowers sprayer with common head (MKM) and hydraulic motorized sprayer on trolley (HMT) were compared by using two doses (0.75 and 0.5 l/hec) of bromopropilate EC 25%. The experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial test in 3 replications. The results show that there is a significant difference between the efficiency of the sprayers in the control of mite pest. Mortality percent caused by MKME 85±6.1) and MKM (83±6.9) were higher than the other sprayers. The amount of acaricide applied through KM, MKME, MKM and HMT were recorded as 56, 37.8, 100 and 563 liters per hectare respectively. Physical distribution of the insecticide droplets on potato leaf showed that MKME and MKM had the best coverage on plants. Therefore we recommend MKME and MKM sprayers for the chemical control of this pest.

Downy mildew of cucurbitaceae, Pseudoperonospora cubensis is one of the important diseases in cucumber growing areas, especially in greenhouses. There are certain recommended fungicides for the control of this disease, but, because of inefficacy in proper management, and chemical hazards, introduction of new fungicides based on required standards is highly essential. In this study, three new fungicides, mandipropamid (Revus® SC 250) at the rate of 1 and 1.5:1000, propamocarb hydrochloride繛ꢦ✨闗 (Infinito® SC 687.5) at 1.5 and 2: 1000 and mefenoxam copper oxychloride (Ridomil Gold® Plus WP 42.5) at 4 and 5:1000 were tested in comparison with famoxadone猩髅ꧢ (Equation® Pro WG 52.5) at 0.4:1000 with a control plot in a RCBD with 3 replicates at two different greenhouses at Falvarjan and Mobareke in Isfahan. The lowest disease incidence was observed in Infinito treatment at the rate of 2:1000; the Revus 250 SC at 1:1000 and Infinito SC 687.5 at 1.5:1000 with 8.12, 20.21 and 37.29 disease severity percentage were the most effective respectively. This indicating that the Infinito fungicide at the rate of 2:1000, with two times spraying in a week interval after the appearance of the first symptoms had showed the lowest disease severity. Also, the highest spore production on the lower infected leaves was observed in the control with 425 spores per every infected lesion. Whereas the lowest production was observed in Ridomil WP 42.5 at 5:1000 treatment with 33 spores per infected lesion.