نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار و تابستان 1394)

Previous research has shown that inspiratory muscle training may improve endurance performance in competitive athletes in a range of sports. However, few studies have tried to investigate the effect of respiratory muscle training on swimmers. Due to the specific characteristics of the respiratory system in swimmer girls, this study examines the effect of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance of swimmer girls.
Sixteen members of the females swim team of Kermanshah province voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided in two groups of sham training )with mean age 10/75 ± 1/98 yrs, Height 140/68 ± 14/7 cm, weight 32/17 ± 10/61 kg) and experimental group, each consisting of 8 participants )with mean age 10/75 ± 2/18 yrs, Height 143/68 ± 13/62 cm, weight 36/6 ± 9/01 kg) and were trained for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 30 breaths per session). Training intensity in the experimental group was equal to 5 (severe) and in sham training group was equal to 1 (very slight) in modified Borg scale. Before and after the exercise protocol 100m, 200m and 400m swim tests were performed. To analyze the data, independent and dependent samples t-test were computed by SPSS software at the level of significance (p The findings of this study illustrate that after inspiratory muscles training, swimming performance of the participants in the experimental group in the 200 (p=0/007) and 400 (p=0/006) meters swim test improved significantly (p This study demonstrates that physiological adaptation in respiratory muscles that may occur after IMT training can explain the significant improvement in 200 and 400 meters swim test in experimental group, but cannot account for insignificant results in100m swim. As yet, the causal mechanisms involved are undefined but they may be due to delay respiratory muscle fatigue

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four weeks follow-up of 10 week aerobic exercise training on blood apelin concentration and its role in pain threshold in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats.
24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy and diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced in the diabetic groups by a single subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). Then, each group (healthy and diabetic) was divided into two subgroups of experimental (training group) and control (no training) groups. The aerobic training in the experimental group consisted of treadmill running, 5 days a week, 60 min/day for 10 weeks followed by a 4-weeks detraining period. We used tail-flick to assess the thermal pain threshold and an apelin C-Terminus enzyme immunoassay kit to assess plasma apelin levels. The plasma apelin levels and pain threshold data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Independent-Sample T test. Level of significance was set at p It was found that a period of aerobic training, in both healthy and diabetic rats, could significantly reduce plasma apelin level and increase pain threshold. The changes returned to normal after a period of detraining.
It can be concluded that 4-weeks detraining can affect plasma apelin levels and pain threshold in type1 diabetes

Today, cold Water Immersion has developed among athletes for recovery speed, of course this method decreased body temperature and so HSP70 response to exercise is limited. Thus this study will determine the effect of Water Immersion during resistance exercise on plasma content of heat shock protein 70 (eHSP70) after 8-weeks resistance training in male rats.
In all, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-weeks) were assigned randomly to 1- control (CON; n=8, 228.5±8.19), 2- resistance exercise (RT; n=8, 217.26±6.5), 3- Resistance exercise Moderate Water Immersion (RTㅢ; n=8, 225.12±5.55) and 4- Resistance exercise Cold Water Immersion (RTॢ; n=8, 226.45±­9.5) groups. The resistance training consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder (120 cm) carrying load (equal to a percent of body weight) suspended from the tail. At rest interval between sets and at last set (2 minute immersion 2 minute Rest), rats in 3 and 4 groups, immersed within container consisted water with 27˚C and 14˚C respectively. This process repeated 3-times a day during 8 weeks. Immediately after euthanasia (24 h after final training session) blood (1.5 cc) was collected via tail vein and plasma samples were separated after allowing blood to clot on ice. Plasma was stored frozen at -80°C for analysis. The data was analyzed with One-Way ANOWA method at 0.05 level of significance and plasma eHSP70 levels evaluated with ELISA method.
Results showed that eHSP70 level decreased in experimental groups rather than Control, although in RT group (P≤0.006) and RTॢ group (P≤0.013) was significantly.
Based on findings of the present study, MWI (27 °C) during resistance exercise or sbusequently, impeded eHSP70 decremental content. If the findings of this study could be generalized to future studies on human participants, MWI (27 °C) could be suggested for athletes in fields such a wrestling and weightlifting (with strength quality and a need to increase muscular protein content).

Silybum marianum is an annual or biannual herbaceous species of the Asteraceae family. The medicinal effects of this plant are due to the presence of a group of flavonolignans which is called silymarin. It has been suggested that silymarin has anti -inflammatory, antioxidant properties and could stabilize cell membranes and regulate cell permeability and could prevent the appearnance of some of the undesirable muscle damage indices in patients and even athletes. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of silymarin intake on some mascular damage markers in serum of active males after the one session aerobic exercise.
Twenty-two active males (mean age 25.09±2.11 years, body fat 13.56±1.94% and VO2max 50.5±4.88 ml/kg-1/min) were divided into two homogenous groups of 11 subjects (supplement and placebo groups) in a semi-experimental, randomized and double-blind design (6 mg.kg-1.day silymarin or Dextrose). After 7-days of supplementation, all subjects participated in aerobic exercise protocol including running on the treadmill at the 0% grade for 30 min with 65-70% HRreserve. Changes in muscle damage indices (total serum CK and LDH, AST) were determined in four phases (baseline, after supplementation period, immediately and 24 hours after the exercise). Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, bonferroni, and independent t test at α≤0.05 level of significance.
The results showed that after 30 min aerobic exercise, the levels of serum muscle damage enzymes significantly increased immediately and 24 hours after exercise in Silymarin and Placebo groups (P≤0.05). However, after 24 hours of aerobic exercise, all of muscle enzymes activity was signficiantly higher in Placebo group in comparison with Silymarin group (P≤0.05).
Based on the present findings, it could be concluded that silymarin supplementation could significantly decrease further aerobic exercise-induced muscle damage in active males.

Rapid weight-loss to participate in a lower weight-class is the most important problem in the current wrestling sport.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rapid weight-loss on the physical fitness and exercise performance parameters in the teenage boy elite wrestlers.
Ten elite wrestlers (16.4±0.51 y, 62.3±8.31 kg, 172.6±7.44 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric parameters, body fat percent, long distance jump, height jump, flexibility tests, Queen's step test, Illinois agility test, 60-meter dash, visual and audio reaction times, and grip force were measured in three sessions 1) before weight-loss, 2) after weight-loss and 3) 16 hours after weighing. Repeated measure ANOVA with Bonferroni pairwise comparisons were computed to identify any statistical differences between sessions.
Current results shown 2.5 % rapid weight loss cause a significant difference in the grip isometric force (p According to the results obtained in this study, rapid weight-loss has a negative impact on the performance and physical fitness parameters in the teenage elite wrestlers and after 16 h recovery did not return to the normal values.

Aquaporin5 (AQP5) is an integral membrane protein that plays an essential role in the movement of water in the respiratory system. Under physiological stress such as sports, AQP5 could change the pulmonary fluid balance and affect gas exchange and lung functions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of taper program on AQP5 levels in the lung of male Wistar rats.
40 Newborn five-week old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 68±9 g were randomly divided into three groups including the base, control and training groups. The experimental group received a six-week interval exercise while the control group rat remained inactive. At the end of six weeks, the rats were divided experimental and control groups and the arts in the experimental group entered taper program. The Interval Training group ran on treadmill for 6 weeks (6 sessions, 30 minutes each session at a speed of 25 to 70 meters per minute) and then the taper group did so for three weeks in a pattern of decreasing frequency. AQP5 levels were measured by ELISA methods. Analysis is done with two-way ANOVA and LSD test at P The results showed significant increase (P ≤0.001) in AQP5’s pulmonary tissue levels of the two-week taper and three-week taper groups compared with the control group, while there no significant difference (P≥0.55) was found between AQP5 levels in the two weeks taper compared with three-week taper group. Also, up to 73/03 increase was found in the AQP5 levels of taper group compared to the interval group.
The findings indicate that a period of reduced training with increased levels of AQP5 may regulate factors involved in pulmonary water balance and reduce injury to epithelial and respiratory tract

Aim: Determining the volume of exercise is key point of designing resistance training workout. The objective of this study was to compare the manipulation effects of resistance exercise volume on muscular strength of the upper and lower-body parts and effect of first movement in exercise prescription in the untrained men.
Material and 18 untrained men from 20 to 24 age-ranges voluntarily participated in this research. The subjects were homogenized after strength measuring (IRM) in two movements (chest press and leg press) using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in two, fixed two-set groups (n=9) and sets with varied Sequence and volume (n=9).also the weight and environments of Thigh was measured. The subjects performed a common exercise program for four weeks and after four weeks, strength test (IRM) was conducted again. Two-set group continued the same program with new records for six other weeks, but changeable sets group applied changeable sets in each movement on the muscles in each exercise session. Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze data respectively fro comparing intragroup and intergroup changes at p The strength of a maximum repetition increased significantly after four weeks and after six weeks in all upper and lower-body movements in both groups (p&le0.05). Percentage of increase in maximum strength on upper and lower-body in changeable sets group was higher than two-set group’s. also the weight in the end of fourth week and surrounding of Thigh in the end of 10th week significantly increased (p&le0.05).
It seems, after initial compatibility, upper and lower-body parts produce a similar response to specified exercise volume also after primary adaptation, exercises with high volume (3 sets) in comparison with low volume (2 set) had more adaptation prescription should not be fixed.