پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 38 (بهار 1394)

One of the most important tribes of Iran were Bakhtiari as the source of events and changes namely in contemporary history of Iran and also, the movements of Bakhtiary were emphasized. Their role in Qajar era was of great importance. The great motivation of Bakhtiary tribe and its chiefs to achieve power and their fighting against oppression and cruelty of national and local rulers of Qajar were considerable factors. To control Bakhtiary and management of affairs, some policies were taken as making the chiefs of tribes as obedient, dispute, getting tax, ransom, providing a part of military forces of government from Bakhtiary tribe and the policies taken by Qajar kings against Bakhtiary were successful. The internal structure of Bakhtiary tribe as the internal logic of tribe, distinction, separation and lack of communicative-verbal action as cultural elements of Bakhtiary.

To strengthen its power and to establish a modern government, the Pahlavi government had to encounter local rulers. Since local rulers used forced against people, omitting them was an easy task for the Pahlavi I. However, dealing with clergymen was difficult. Separating religion and government added more immigration to cities. This increased religion leader's influence in cities.

The purpose of this research is reviewing of Saadi's place and the extent of his influence on thoughts and the works of intellectual constitutional era with emphasis on the ideas of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani. Intellectualism that due to the more realistic attitude among contemporaries takes a different approach to study about Saadi. The importance of addressing this issue in the constitutional era, the reason is that in this era, intellectuals in addition to political and social criticism, for the first time via a modernizing approach also try to discussing on literary criticism. This study has been collected based on the historical evidences and descriptive - analytical method. This paper examines the influence of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani on Saadi's ideas, and show its imitation of Golestan book in writing Rezvan thesis (Resale Rezvan).

Although the Iranian Constitutional Revolution was a political movement, but different areas affected by this issue were fundamental changes. One of these areas was the criminal justice system. During this period, the justice officially met for the first time and different laws were passed one after another. Among the new rules would be noted the constitution, amendments to the constitution, the law and the administration of justice and law criminal procedure. Despite the adoption of various laws, but the law was never passed on crimes and punishments and issues of the criminal law nature in 1925 until in the year of 1925 the criminal law was adopted in the House. During the 1920 coup, nothing more than the dissolution of justice did not make people happy, that was the inefficiency of justice at the time. During the Pahlavi regime for two reasons, the substantive laws were difficult. One is sensitivity of clergymen and scholars in the adoption of unlawful laws and other is influential and rulers opposition considered the law Influential of their unlimited powers. Hence, the adoption of the Penal Code is of the particular importance.

Muslim scholars research in several branches of science, including their theories in physics and its branches for mechanics (the), the movement of the static equilibrium science bodies), (optics) optics , mechanics (hydraulic fluid), time, and several other branch of knowledge that the Islamic sciences to " hyl " or science alhylmeasures that science and math tricks and natural was known .
Muslim scholars role in the evolution of physics and mechanics and translation of the works and books and the tract of their Western scientists , underlies the progress of science in Europe and the West . to learn about the role of Islamic scientists and engineers in design and build the achievements we need to examine the view - and the most important - remains in the field of mechanics and physics , May - because of scientists , banumusa, Bediuzzamanjazari, capacitive, IbnHaythem,Muhammad ebnahmadbyruny, Kennedy, Gianni and image, the knowledge and skill.

One of the outcomes of the Shah Safi’s policy and the signs of his weakness in his reign period is the occurrence of the interior revolts including the revolts of the Gorgia state. The Gorgiarevolts(Mouravi revolt in 1039. A.H)and the Timouraz revolt (Tahmoreth) in 1042.A.H) were occurred by means of the historical, political and social backgrounds as well as the dominant circumstance in Gorgia in the priod after the Shah AbbasI and against the Safavidgovernment.The elements of the revolt(Mouravi and Timoraz(Tahmoreth), due to the death of the Shah AbbasI and the weak authority of the young and inexperienced king, considered his grandson (Shah Safi) as a suitable opportunity for independence, separation and the achievement of their demands and desires. Therefore, by means of the stimulation of people’s sensations in Gorgia and giving the promise of independence to them as well as the request of support of Ottoman misled a considerable part of Shah Safi’s military efforts and Safavid’s army to themselves and provide a basis for the interference of the Ottoman government in internal developments in Iran and Gorgia, causing their relationships to become strained which concluded a ten-year argument between the two countries during Shah Safi period. In this article, considering the reasons of the importance of Gorgia during Safavid period, the causes of the Gorgia’s revolt (Mouravi 1039.A.H and the Timouraz (Tahmoreth)1042.AH), the rebels’s efforts, the nature and the basis of these revolts and the destiny of the revolters have been concentrated according to historical, descriptive-analytic procedures relying on the reports of formal historians of Safavid and the recent studies and the researches.

Zoroastrians are always a celebration, praise and thanksgiving were celebrated today some of them as a national symbol and a symbol of monotheism and the ancient Iranian civilization. The separation of religion from many aspects of life difficult and perhaps impossible ancient Persians and knowledge of the culture and civilization of ancient Iran today strongly intertwined with religion is. Ancient Iranians, happiness and divine gift in religious ceremonies to give thanks for the blessings that they had Ahura Mazda, was celebrated. Some of them have faded over time, and some celebrated as a national aspect and all Iranians from every ethnic and religious are most welcome. In this article, the most important religious feast mentioned Zoroastrians and the nature and cause them to be discussed.

Translation is an important tool which helps researchers to recognize historical and geographical aspects of various nations and countries. At the time of Qajar dynasty, some Iranians began to translate various European books and literature under the supervision of the professionalists. Translating this outstanding works played an important role in improving the understanding of Europe for the Iranian people. One of the brilliant achievements of this era was Compiling a book entitled "JahanNamayehJadid", compiled from translating of European historical and geographical books after Amir kabir′s assignment as Ambassador inArzanat. Arroum. The latterimprovedIranian recognition about European countries. In this article, we attempt to explain the contribution of this book to the awareness among the Iranians.