پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 39 (تابستان 1394)

From ancient times, the rulers and the people of Sistan , at relatively flat plain proceeded to build high walls and large castles For defense against their enemies attacks and surviving of their lives and properties. In building these castles and wall they have used the folk arts and materials.
Sekouheh Castle is one of the most important fortresses. its basic building blocks was for Afshariye and Zand era and later¡ it was developed in Qajar era because of being chosen as Sistan capital city.
Sekouhe castle Art and architecture is the fusion of of the Safavid and Qajar era .Also it is the symbol of the Islamic Iranian native traditions At a time when Iran's eastern areas prone to interference or threats and expansionist actions of Russians and the British government .Rulers and the people of this region gently perform and recover their national Iranian identity ,Especially at the time of Naser adin Shah, after a period of political fragmentation, its importance is more visible.
This article has a historical approach. It is library-based research based on historical written sources and oral history which is written as descriptive analysis method.

the Gulf and important ports of the oldest time as one of the lifeline of tajary Iran - with the other . - Iranian naval fleet in the Gulf , coupled with land - hey , such as India and China and East Africa trade . in the evening , Siraf Sassanian port as one of the centres of Iran's trade with land - with a role and is very important . The commingling of siraf people with the sea and the development of the Marine Corps them, the region turning point maritime trade exchange was made . that in the early Islamic as the harbour Siraf imports and exports to the land of the Gulf - - the most important trade in southern Iran .
economic and social life and the main port in several centuries protracted suggests prosperity and prosperity of civilization to which the prosperity of the Persian - came . Trade and Commerce dimensions in the port represents a significant boost export and import goods to different areas of the region.

3 Esfand 1299 coup (coup black) which was designed by Britain and applied by the associated factors to them, Caused by changes of Britain’s foreign policy in Iran after the First World War.The Britain which had to evacuate their forces from Iran and on the other hand required the presence of an assured military force in Iran, first adjusted a contract known as 1919, but thought of coup for realization of its goals, when was disappointed of its final approval. The study aims to answer this question by descriptive-analytical method and based on documents and new research what were the impacts of 1299 coup in transformation of Iran’s society especially the process of Iran’s dependence on the West colonialism? In this regard, black coup was an act which happened for the formation of an authoritarian state in the late Qajar. The other hand, the coup was not only a displacement in power, but was the beginning of extensive plans for identity changes in Iran which first were effected the political system and finally Iran’s society.

One of the main features of the political economy literature in the years following the 1299 coup d's dominance of the discourse of enlightened authoritarianism (authoritarian modernization) is the third generation of intellectuals modernization Revolution frustration among some political activists, many social and political crisis remains widespread in Iran and the First World War, the idea of ​​armed dictators in some developing countries such as Turkey can be the key drivers of change in political discourse The Constitutional shine as tyranny. In this regard, the need for modernization and sovereign state has the most extensive literature of the period reflect Marde Azad by Ali Akbar Davar in 1301 emissions rose from the publications pro-powerful state that the role of government control in the modernization of the economic, administrative and cultural beliefs have a deep reform only through coercion, may be considered. This article has been read in some newspaper articles "Marde Azad" to introduce and examine ideas on the need to modernize this publication is authoritative in Iran.

In the history of Islamic Iran, Safavid era is one of the period which have a profound influence on spiritual life and cultural values of Iranian and these effects are well recognized even contemporary. Mourning ceremony in the Safavid era based, in general, on religious and political beliefs, and from the beginning was developed so that in any period of Iranian history was not spread at this level, especially, in such a short time. It is important, on its own, to investigate the process of establishment and development of religious ceremonies in the Safavid period as a fundamental subject. The research question is whether the actions of Safavid government and its relevant institutions, have been effective in the emergence and growth of distortions and innovations in mourning ceremonies? And, if so, to what extent is involved in the development of this distortion? This article examines the mourning in Safavid era, one of the most prominent Shia historical time, and studies the roots of innovations in religious ceremonies. In this paper, we study the political , economic and social - cultural factors that involved in the development of distortions from the different aspects, while it shows how it developed in the Safavid era. The findings suggest that the many political , economic, social - cultural and political factors involved in developing of this innovations , but the governmental and political factors has played a great role.

The Iran & Germany relation was began in Safavi period, in during of Reza shah kingdom reached its acme. In this period Iran with Germanys help could institute varied factories. But these factories couldn’t ability to make ready initial accessory and also they haven’t necessary export for continue in country .Therefore they need to Germany company. with in crease world war and blockade connection ways between country, make many trouble for Iran industrial. The acme of this trouble was when the alliance sally to Iran with pretext that expert present in Iran.

The Sassanid reign was formed with reliance on two basic and revolutionary principles of religion and government concentration and a powerful political-martial structure. This reign was at first reliance on the support from the power-oriented forces of royal court which resulted in an increase of the power of such groups relating to all martial and civil (state) affairs. Such trends were continued until Ghobad(G.) and Khosrow according to the periodicity of the might and weakness of the kings.by the manifestation of Ghobad(G.) and his son Khosrow the process of division and tension between king and the royal court became visible which appeared as a crisis in political and social and martial structures. While the mentioned events were taking place reformations and corrections of Khosrow the first in the event of increasing the power concentration in king`s hand and preventing playing crisis of power groups relating to the royal courts in governmental organizations succeeded. Yet the corrections could not match the basis of royal families` domineering with new and modern order and regulation. With this approach in the fourth Jupiter`s epoch, the royals and the grandees entered a fight with the government in the event of the lost power and acquisition in political power pyramid. In spite of the fact that Jupiter himself was a witness to the tensions and mutuality of upper stratums in previous governments, stepped up to decrease and instability of their power. His purpose was a top-down correction continuity in the event of preventing the riots and chaos and to form a political-social security and keeping the throne in order to progress through the political tyranny on top of the political power pyramid and centralization in governmental system. However executing and performing such policies not only started several crisis in the administration, but also it started a martial coup d`etat and with the support of the political royalty and the clergy, tied up Jupiter`s kingdom in the flames of competitions and enmities.This research tries to review and haul the basis and reasons of opposition and syzygy within government in the fourth Jupiter`s epoch and the amount of its effectiveness and influence on Sassanid`s political and social structure.

Shia ismaili sect,which is a branch of its activities officially began in the late second century . There are many reasons for the rapid spread of ismaili doctrines and their thinking involved ,but especially when dealing malfunction states bani abbas outrageous than the shias undoubtedly had influece over all history shows evidence that Salmiye ismailis in Syrias political and military activities has been the first base. This activity ,which first revealed his secret to his shadow gradually spread through out the moslim word. Insome places like Egypt and Bahrain ,they were able to form government . Considering the importance of this study is to position the centers salmiye of different dimensions obeyed and review.