پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1394)

The seljuk’sage is one of the important periods of Iran history and Asia minor. Entry this population factor to Asia history area was accompany with major political and cultural developments. The Seljuk were first government among the Islamic states that carried the their government territorial till Byzantine borders and recovered the greatness of ancient empire. In regard this success, the Seljuk applied multiple effort into cultural look and attention to manner and ancient tradition. Seljuk‘s attention for the creation a great empire must be combined with emphasis on all of the political, administrative and cultural structures. Being BoghazKoy inscription in 1400 B.C into Ankara has the mark of attention to gods and ancient olden rituals in this lands. Nowruz celebration- Sadeh celebration and Mehregan celebration with itself ancient history was people‘s attention of Asia central till Asia minor. So, Seljuk into manage of the wide lands, addition creation a religious unity make efforts to cultural unity and emphasis on ancient traditions. Khayyam‘s effort for foundation an exact calendar without error and complexity was more on necessity return Nowruz to itself real time, namely ,first month Farvardin in per year. All of the efforts can not except, in the Seljuk ‘s power and Seljuk ‘s attention.

The early sixties, solar, the future development of the area around the Islamic Revolution in Iran, including Isfahan the 1340 to 1347 calendar years confronting the rise of the Pahlavi regime and the opposition, especially religious groups were combined under the leadership of Imam Khomeini. It should be noted that the 15 June 1342, was a turning point in the campaign. Thus, this paper aims to examine the role of popular struggles in the face of Militant Clergy in response to the question of the revolutionary developments in the years 1340 to 1347, in what way, and what will change? The string is written and it has been tried to date techniques and analytical methods relying on information obtained from documents and historical texts and oral interviews explore the evolution of the people's struggle. The current hypothesis is that the political, cultural, and ideological manner is clearly evident. Looks at the status of the clergy, public or religious seminary; Public campaigns and comprehensive and widely supported by various groups such as teachers, students, traders and merchants was formed.

Iranians were the first nation who have established a legitimate government. Among the traditions from ancient Iran, it is mentioned that the first human and the first King (Shah) of Iran was Keyumars and since then, selection of King was considered the serious challenge in Iran history. So, becoming a king required legitimacy. It helped people to sit on the royal throne and would led to political stability and durability of the king, but if it would have been omitted, it would result in political transformation and the loss of the throne. Periods of Mongol and rule of Ilkhanate were the critical period full of contradictions about legitimacy building in Iranian history. Relying on tribal and ethnic traditions of conquerors, the approach to the Iranian thoughts and Islamic theory of government have intensified the internal challenges of Ilkhanate government and has emerged massive crises in this turbulent period.
The main question of legitimacy is from where and based on what rules and regulations Bāydū Khanhas acquired his Ilkhanid right? With what criteria Iranian and Mongolian societies justify their obedience?
So, after an introduction to the formation of Ilkhanid government, this paper studies the Gaykātū government, Gaykātū battle with Bāydū, Bāydū sit on the Ilkhanid throne, battle with Gāzān and so on.

Nearly thirty percent (30%) of the Afghanistan population is Shia. The findings emphasize the concept of justice in Islam and human experiences based on equality and the role of all the people of a territory to show the need for inclusive participation of people in all areas, especially power. This article Review the Political history OF contemporary Shiites to know threats within and outside the group as well. In reviews on Afghanistan this question is raised that what is the role of the Shiites in the political structure of contemporary Afghanistan. Formation of political power in Afghanistan without Shias, Ambiguity and tension in relations, is a situation that pervades the entire modern history of the country.
There are serious obstacles for Shia to achieve the power structure, therefore it is necessary to Review Shiite political role and its challenges. Due to internal and external challenges, the Shiites are not present in the political structure of Afghanistan. Methods to achieve the objectives of this research is the study of political changes of Shiites and analysis. The absence of Shiites in power, have multiple reasons and they should identify the problems and their solutions. The results of this study are Explanation of internal and external challenges of Shiite group like Ethnic and discriminatory approach in Afghanistan Power System, Lack of political system, strategic plan among Shiites.

As regard to the document of knowledge of history, historical writings credits, in the first step, depends on the reliability of sources and how to use them. Thus, the bibliography of historical writings, especially local histories mainly written by feelings of patriotism, is necessary. The present research meanwhile, study information resources of author of History of Qom, also discussed about how he used them.
Reserch findings represents that author in addition to the common resources which are used by muslim historians, widely from documentary sources - though not paid for their independent identity from the source book - and also he has benefited from archaeological observations in their reports.
Qomi on the underlying court documents and report, he measured other news and reports on the basis of them. Qomi although not used the monuments and old buildings as a source of information , but in different positions he has pointed out to them in order to develop descriptions and complete the report.

The present study tries to prove that Islamic Republic in Iran founded by Imam Khomeini, sought an example to follow in the government established by the Holy Prophet. Much evidenve and statements by Imam Khomeini show that Islamic Republic follows the Holy Prophet and Imam Ali (PBUH) and relies on people's votes. Imam Khomeini's emphasis on freedom of beliefs and choice, on using experience in government, on the importance of counseling, and respect in domestic and foreign affairs shows the democratic nature of Islamic Republic.

Greater Khorasan territories in the early Islamic centuries and especially in the third and fourth century AH / ninth and tenth AD was during the era of its growth and progress, rich and fertile land was, which always attract the eye to the greed of the powerful to the area.
After the blessings and privileges of this land Attracted towards the Mahmoud bin Sabuk-Tagin Ghaznavi, Caused his apparent loyalty to the hegemony of the Samanids and become pro-independence. But the other Turkish government also played a role in the collapse of the emirate Samanids, Following an opportunity to tantalize and dominate the region. It was the invasion of Transoxiana Qarakhanids sometimes seamlessly and sometimes the land was distributed.In contrast to exposure to movements in the Qarakhanids Khorasan, Ghaznavids campaign also occasionally paid to Transoxiana.
The present study intends to investigate this fundamental question has the main reasons of competition and conflict, between Ghaznavids and Qarakhanids, the first states that the Muslim Turks, that Samani Iranian government had divided among themselves, What was in Khorasan and what factors cause involvement in Khorasan were the two governments?
Research findings indicate that the main reason for this is competition and conflict, expansionism policies of both the Muslim Turks. Both of them knew his heir in the Samanids In the area that Khorasan was considered as part of its territory governments. While the vast territories Ghaznavids and more attention to the campaign and Battle in India, And numerous other issues in addition to Sultan Masud was, An opportunity to pursue Qarakhanids policies to expand their territories this provides the Oxus. Lack of integration of the arbitrary actions of the governing like Ali-Tagin was the ruler of Bukhara.

Having people likeTeymurBakhtiar as the head of security and intelligenceagencies and using their capabilities and competence, Mohammad Reza Pahlavitried to repress the opponents and strengthenhis monarchy. Lt. Gen. TeymurBakhtiar, the firsthead ofSAVAK (Iranian Intelligence and National Security Organization),in asix-year period, developed an information- security system. As a structured organization, during 1952-1976, it crushed the opposing forces. However, soon, as a security chief, he opposed the Pahlavi regime and involved in some hostile activities towards it. Before long, he was detained in Beirut and failed to accomplish his purposes. Finally hemanagedtocontinuehis activitiesin Iraq and formeda groupcalled the “Liberation Movementof Iranian people". In the meantime, the GeneralOffice ofSAVAK was monitoring his actions, put several infiltrators in his organizationand finally managed toassassinate him. Bakhtiar’s assassination put Mohammad Reza Shah at ease and assured him that he could maintain his rule more confidently.