نشریه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

The Unemployment of agricultural graduates has been one of the most important challenges of higher education systems in recent years, and has had the negative effects on students’ learning and motivation. But it seems that according to the capacity of the agricultural sector in Iran, this problem can be solved by enhancing students’ entrepreneurship empowerment. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to identify the factors affecting entrepreneurship empowerment and employment of students after graduation that implemented by survey method. The statistical population of the study was the senior students at Yasouj University (160 person), that 110 of them selected by proportional stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using questionnaires. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and pilot study, and measuring Cronbach’s alpha (0.89 - 0.97). The results of the study showed that the majority of students believed, individual, socio-cultural and educational factors respectively have the greatest effect on student's entrepreneurial skills. The most important individual factors includes self-efficacy beliefs and creativity the most important socio-cultural factors includes community’s economic issues and the attractiveness of entrepreneurship career and the most important educational factors includes the existence of competitive environment in university and the creative and dynamic environment in dorms. The results showed that the respondents have more potential in social relations, creativity, and leadership and communication skills, respectively. Finally, it is recommended some suggestions for developing the entrepreneurship empowerment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sociological characteristics and their impact on the development of entrepreneurship in agricultural production cooperatives in Qazvin Province. The research method was descriptive - correlation and analytic in kind of causal-relational. The research’s population included all managers of agricultural production cooperatives of Qazvin Province that given the limited number of cooperatives, the census method was used (N =86). To evaluate the validity of research’ tool, the method of panel of experts was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient that it was estimated higher than 0.85 for different parts of the questionnaire. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between variables and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for bi-level and multilevel nominal variables, respectively. Also, the stepwise multiple regression method was used to study the major interactive effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and to identify the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on the dependent variable, the path analysis was used as well. The results showed that three variables of demographic characteristics, characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, paying attention and emphasize on the importance of investment in cooperatives as an important part of the economy, could explain 40.2 percent of the variability of the dependent variable. The results of path analysis showed that the variable of characteristics of successful entrepreneurs, directly and indirectly, had the greatest impact on the dependent variable.

In today's world, despite the many changes and developments, entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector has become a major necessity and the need, especially in developing countries, are increasingly is growing . Despite the growth of agriculture entrepreneurial businesses, access to finance for agricultural entrepreneurs, still remain a problem so that lack of access to finance have been mentioned as the main reason for the failure of entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, the purpose of this survey study was to determine challenges of access to financial capital for agricultural entrepreneurs . The study used a descriptive survey design.The population of the study was consisted of two groups of agricultural entrepreneurs and managers of banks that according to Table Bartlett and others, the sample size was determined. Random sampling method was used to select the samples. The results showed that the long process of application, high interest rates, lack of collateral /guarantees, were identified as the main barriers perceived by men entrepreneurs in the process of receiving credit from banks. While barriers, lack of collateral/guarantee, inappropriate behavior, and the long process of application to the bank employees as the most important barriers identified by women entrepreneurs. Further findings showed that managers of commercial banks and financial institutions have mentioned lack of guarantees or collateral, poor business plan and poor financial track record of the entrepreneur as the main reasons for refuse of financial applicant entrepreneurs . It also appears that men and women finance their businesses differently. Men entrepreneurs are more to use from personal savings , banks and friends and relatives to obtain loans while women entrepreneur s would prefer to use from personal savings and friends and relatives rather than banks and private institutions.

The purpose of this descriptive -survey research is to analyses the effective factors in the development of the entrepreneurship spirit among the natural resources students. Research has been done by questionnaire, data were analyzed by using spss software and in order to identify factors involved in the entrepreneurial spirit of student's descriptive statistics were used and the Mann-Whitney U Test and Independent T-test were used to test the difference hypothesis. the results have showed that among the psychological variables, variables related to psychological factors influencing the entrepreneurial spirit including self- confidence, self-esteem and prospective being variables, have the greatest impact and hard-working , capability of creative management have the least impact . Among the effective educational and collegiate variables, creative teaching methods, adaptation of courses with scientific and have the greatest impact and continuous and regular evaluation of students have the least impact and among the institutional factors, supporting the thesis and researches related to entrepreneurship variable have the most impact and developing entrepreneurship groups and a shared vision and variables have the least impact. This research also shows that there is no significant and positive relationship between the gender, skill, experience and desire to set up business and effective factors on developing student's s entrepreneurial spirit.

The purpose of this study was to compare entrepreneurial spirit of successful and unsuccessful managers of agricultural cooperatives in Ilam Township. This research was applied and a descriptive-survey research method was used. Statistical population of this study are all the managers of agricultural cooperatives in Ilam county (N =340). The numbers of successful managers were 265 people, and the numbers of unsuccessful managers were 75 people. In this study, unsuccessful managers were studied by using census method and 100 cases of successful cooperative managers were selected by using proportionate stratified random sampling method and using Cochran formula. Instrument of data gathering was questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by expert panel. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to determine reliability of questionnaire and its value was equal to 0/87, which is acceptable. The results showed that the characteristic of risk-taking, locus of control and creativity of the participants was strong. Also, characteristic of need to achievement, tolerance for ambiguity and independence of participants was average. Also the results showed that there was a significant difference between entrepreneurial sprit of successful and unsuccessful agricultural cooperatives managers in terms of risk-taking, need to achivement and independence, but There was no significant difference between sprit of successful and unsuccessful managers in terms of creativity, tolerance for ambiguity and locus of control.

Cooperative company is an economic social organization that formed for gatherings of the people freely and voluntarily, in order to create jobs in specific fields to achieve the common goals of the members. Cooperation will banish trafficking and exploitation of persons and its main objective is entrepreneurship, collection of human and moral values ​​with economic objectives. In the field of medicinal plants in the Hezarjarib Region of Behshahr has started some works in about 10 acres that need to more support from relevant institutions. This study was designed to measure the formation of medicinal plants cooperative in Behshahr (Yanesar section) to entrepreneurship and new job opportunities. 10 villages randomly (Using a random number table) were selected among the 33 villages, and five land owners were selected in each village randomly to complete the questionnaire. This study level was nominal scale and Goodman's correlation test was used to evaluate variables. The results showed that the people wanting to join the cooperatives had no significant correlation with production problems, the people jobs and their satisfaction familiarity but was significant about farmer's age, educational level, and land ownership, kind of crop production, history of medicinal plants production and cooperative membership history. However, the farmers don’t tend to the medicinal plants cultivation because of unfamiliarity of medicinal plants kinds for cultivate and production, lack of confidence and satisfaction of good income from production and sale of these plants.

The purpose of this study was creativity factor analysis of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi organization staffs of Ilam province. Research method was descriptive – correlation which used survey method. Statistical population of the study was staffs of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi in Ilam province (N=300). Using Bartlett table, and stratified random sampling technique, 169 staffs were selected as sample. Research instrument was questionnaire. Face and content validity of the questionnaire revised and verified by a panel of experts of agricultural extension and education. Reliability of the questionnaire confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha between 0.76 - 0.79 in pilot test. Descriptive statistics results showed that creativity level of staffs was moderate (Mean= 3.31). Explanatory factor analysis results showed that effective factors of creativity consisted of 2 components, managerial factor and contextual factor. These factors explain 69 percent of variance of creativity among staffs of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi organization. Base on the findings of the research, establishing idea management center in the Jihad-e Keshavarzi organization of Ilam province for recognition and applying of staffs’ creative ideas is suggested.