فصلنامه مدیریت بحران و وضعیت های اضطراری
پیاپی 26 (زمستان 1394)

There are few political crises the creation or control of which is notimpacted by the media. The media have an important role at various stages of crises. Before the crisis, they can prevent the spread of crisis and reduce its losses by giving warnings about the situation which can lead to a crisis. During the crisis, they can minimize the crisis by adopting a scientific and rational approach. Or they can minimize political clashes by acting as a mediator between crisis elements and the stakeholders andthey can also play a role in the management of political crises by attracting an audience and making them participate in the management process of crises.Strategic prudence requires that, in the crisis management process, the internal and external environments are analyzed and some strategies are made, which can help the executives fulfill the specified goals and manage crises properly. Reviewing crisis stagesand the role of the media in crisis management, this article identifies themedia,management of domestic and transnational cries; the media and management of terrorist crises and dependence onthe three elements of crises, social conditions and the media as the outcomes of the seven strategies.

Today, NGOs have a strong impact on global developments and on various economic, social, political, and securityissuesas independentparticipation and membership in non-governmental institutionsis possible for people in a civil society. In this paper, two conceptual and questionnaire methodshave been used, and the impact of NGOs on the five elements of ‘trust, awareness and education, participation, efficiency of the stateand legitimacy of the state’,which influence the creation of security, is examined. The population includes the experts and eliteassociatedwith the topic with M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in 13 different scientific, administrative, military and security centers of Tehran.All members of the population (110 individuals) were used as the sample and using therequired statistical analyses and IPA and with a total reliability index of 0/895,the following results were obtained: NGOs have the strongest impact on containing security crises byincreasing public confidence,promoting state’s legitimacy,boosting the participation parameter in a civil society and influencing the efficiency of the state. Among these parameters, increasing public confidencethrough boosting awareness and education has higher desirability in terms of importance and function.

Crises are unavoidable realties in the social life of nations and they reveal leaders’ prudence, management power, courage, wisdom and power of dealing with problems. During the history, no issuehas been scrutinized by scholars and political theorists as much as ‘leadership in man’s social life’. In fact, the essence and political management of leaders can be summarized in control of crises as imprudence and incompetence of leaders in handling crises results in the downfall and destruction of a nation. One of the biggest crises in the history of the Islamic Republic is the 2009 post-elections crisis. In this context, the capacity, efficiency and thinking power of the Supreme Leaderin the face of complex and multifaceted challenges were materialized and his logic, wisdom and foresight were demonstrated. The aim of this study is to evaluate and explicate the great role of the Supreme Leader and his management style in containing and controlling the crisis following the 2009 presidential elections.

Organization and management ofthe neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities, especially megacities, is one of the important issues in modern urban management. Such areas are considered a major challenge to megacities due to their lower quality of life. These areas have a high potential for various harms and social problems and canthreaten the existence of a whole city if they are neglected. This study is a descriptive-analytic research workwhich has been conducted using survey and questionnaire instruments. The population includes the residents over 20 years in Khak-e Sefid neighborhood on the outskirtsofthe fourth district of Tehran. Using Cochran's sample size formula, the size of the sample was determined to be 220 on the basis of the stratified random sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed throughthe SPSS software and the results revealed that, except for a few items which are discussed in the statistical analysis,the performance of urban management has a growing impact on citizens’ contact with city managers, quality of municipal services and infrastructures, transport quality, and economic and social satisfaction. The highest level of satisfaction is related to drinking water quality and the lowest level of satisfaction is related to the parking space forprivate cars.

The Iraqi Imposed Waris one of the massive and unexpected crises which was planned and implemented against our country. After this warwas started, Imam Khomeini (rah.) could well manage and control it relying on hissharp insight and intelligent measures. This paper seeks to study the principles governing his management practices to control the Imposed Warcrisis and evaluate the impact of his faith, Islamic character and intelligent measureson his management practices. The research method is qualitative and assumes descriptive-analytic form. Description and analysis of the principles governing the management style of Imam Khomeini in controlling the Imposed War crisis leads us to conclude that using his sublime wisdom, he amalgamated political measures and religious principles very well in an issue like the Imposed War crisis. The management practices of this great politician succeeded when they were associated with religious teachings and views. As such, the five principles of dignity, grace, justice, expediency and protection of Islam and the Islamic state were proved to be the main and ultimate componentsof Imam Khomeini’s (rah.) management thought and practice during the course of the Imposed War.