Current Medical Mycology
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Jun 2016

Diabetic patients are more susceptible to oral Candidiasis infection than non-diabetic groups due to the factors promoting oral Candida in carriage. Several factors are the dilative of the colonization of Candida species in the oral cavity, such as xerostomia, which reduce the salivary flow and salivary pH disorder.
Samples from saliva and mouth lesions were collected from 106 individuals from June 2014 to September 2015, which were consisted of two groups: Diabetic patients (n=58) and non-diabetic (n=48) as the control group. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence and identification of candida spp. with CHROMagar candida and PCR-RFLP using the restriction enzymes HinfI and MspI,
In this study, oral candidiasis frequency in diabetic patients in relation to non-diabetic ones was more due to factors that promote oral Candida flora in diabetic patients.
The frequency of candida species in diabetic patients group was Candida albicans (36.2%), C.krusei (10.4%) C.glabrata (5.1%), C.tropcalis(3.4%), respectively. Likewise, C.albicans was the most frequent species (27%) in oral non-diabetic individuals.
Nutritional disorders, such as diabetes mellitus are considered the important predisposing factor for oral candidiasis. The objective of the current study is determining the distribution of candidal species in the oral cavity with CHROM agar candida and PCR-RFLP.In order to evaluate the amount of yeasts colonized in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic individuals for improving patient treatment outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

Background and In current scenario, the life threatening fungal infection causing Candida species is a problematic to cure. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility patterns of different Candida species isolated from hospitalized patients and it inhibited by extracts of Elettaria cardamomum.
A total of 202 isolates of different candida species were obtained from three government hospitals (Senthamangalam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal) in Namakkal district. The collected isolates were identified by using standard biochemical tests. Germ tube method used to differentiate the Candida albicans from other species of Candida. Candida species were tested for virulence factors such as biofilm, protease, phospholipase activity. The MIC effect of Elettaria cardamomum on MDR biofilm formation was determined by plate and tube methods.
The identified 202 isolates of Candida species were Candida albicans (74/202), Candida glabrata (53/202), Candida parapsilosis (44/202) Candida tropicalis (15/202) and Candida dubliniensis (16/202). Then they were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing and virulence factors determination. In biofilm production, non Candida albicans species such as Candida dubliniensis showed 75%. In protease activity, among the Candida species, Candida parapsilosis (75%) showed the highest percentage of protease production. In phospholipase activity, Candida species were shown 62.87% of strong positive. In MIC method, acetone extract completely inhibited the biofilm at the concentration of 125 µl; it has the concentration of 56.25 µg concentration of E.cardamomum. When compared to ethanol, acetone had high activity against the biofilm.
The pathogenic Candida albicans was inhibited by the ethanol and acetone extract of Elettaria cardamomum. In recent years MDR and Biofilm forming pathogenic Candida spp. were increased in the clinical field so the herbal derivative medicine may cure the infection without side effect and prevent the mortality.

Background and MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with 19-24 nucleotides in length. Up- or down-regulation of many miRNAs has been shown by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. Up-regulation of miR-146a has been reported by both TLR and heat-killed Candida albicans. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of miR-146a in cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected by Candida glabrata at 12, 24, and 48 hours.
miR-146a expression was evaluated by qRT-real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at three time points in C. glabrata-infected MDMs. The data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.
miR-146a expression was down-regulated in infected MDMs compared to the control group (P These results suggest that miR-146a can be involved in regulating macrophage function following TLR stimulation in C. glabrata-infected MDMs.

The increase in candidaemia is associated with high mortality and morbidity in the developed countries. A trend has been observed in the relative frequency of each Candida spp. isolated from blood. Polyenes, allylamines, azoles are the only available antifungal treatment option for systemic and invasive candidiasis. In past few decades the incidence of resistance in antifungal treatment of candida species is increasing rapidly, which may be a issue of concern with the health care professional. Studies on prevalence of infections and antifungal susceptibility testing are useful in deciding clinical strategies.
Aims: To do species level identification and detect antifungal susceptibility of candida species isolated from blood culture.
From total 70 patients from a tertiary care hospital of Kolkata, Candida species were isolated from blood culture and antifungal susceptibility was done by the Vitek 2- compact automated system.
Out of total 70 samples, C. albicans were isolated from 34 (48.57%), among other non albicans, C. non albicans species 12 (17.14%), followed by Candida tropicalis 10 (14.29%). Out of 34 C. albicans antifungal susceptibility was done for 28 isolates in which all isolates were sensitive to Fluconazole, and resistance Amphotericine B, Flucytosine, Voriconazole and Itraconazole in 44.12%, 52.94%, 8.82% and 17.65% cases respectively. For other candida species (other than C. albicans) , antifungal susceptibility was done for 27 isolates among which resistance of Amphotericine B, Fluconazole, Flucytosine, Voriconazole, Itraconazole was found in 29.63%, 44.44%, 14.82%, 14.82% and 22.22% cases respectively

Background and In people with denture, the growth of different candida species under the prosthesis leads to the formation of biofilm. This biofilm can play the role of a reservoir for candida and other kinds of microbes. Since Chitosan nanoparticles can cause long lasting antimicrobial activity, a more recent approach utilizes acrylic with nanochitosan particles is proposed. Therefore, we decided to study the inhibitory effect of nanochitosan particles in the biofilm formation of candida species in acrylic resins.
In this analytical laboratory study, suspensions of candida cells taken from the mouth of people with acrylic resins. were measured and compared to concentration of 0, 1%, 5% and 10% of adjacent nanochitosan particles and the amount of the formation of their biofilms on resins. In the end the data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests .
The observed differences of biofilm formation in acrylic control resin and acrylic resins with nanochitosan particles was significant and meaningful ( P value In light of this research it is advised that dentures holders use acrylic nanoparticles, particularly for those who are hygienically weak and are ready for infection.

Background and Candida albicans is the most common agent of candidiasis. Management of candidiasis depends on the immune status of the host, severity of disease, and the choice of antifungal drug. Antifungal drugs, specifically triazoles, widely are utilizing for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of C. albicans isolates to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin.
A total of 44 clinical strains of C. albicans isolated from 36 patients, were collected from hospitalized patients at four hospitals at Mazandaran province, and the in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using based on CLSI methods.
Generally, 34 isolates were susceptible to all of five antifungal drugs, while four isolates showed susceptible or susceptible dose dependent (SDD) and six isolates were SDD or resistance to these antifungal drugs. The lowest MIC with 0.016 µg/ml was for amphotericin B and the highest MICs for fluconazole (16 µg/ml). The lowest MIC50 (0.063 µg/ml) was related to itraconazole and the lowest MIC90 (0.25 µg/ml) to Caspofungin, so the highest MIC50 (1 µg/ml) and MIC90 (4 µg/ml) to fluconazole. The four isolates were resistance to both fluconazole and voriconazole, separately, and five isolates were resistance to itraconazole. Caspofungin showed potent activity against more than 95% C. albicans isolates.
Overall, we reported 9.1% resistance to FLZ and VRZ, 11.3% to ITZ and AMB and 4.6% to CAS. Our finding is in agreement with previous observations that C. albicans isolates that develop resistance, because some antifungal drugs such as fluconazole widely used as prophylaxis.

Background and Candidiasis, as an important fungal infection, has been considered as the fourth most common nosocomial blood stream infection. Nowadays, because of increase in fungal resistance to antibiotics, use of herbal medicine has attended. Cyclamen species are medicinal plants containing triterpenoid saponins which have revealed antimicrobial properties.
Three species of candida including C. albicans 10231, C. tropicalis 0750 and C. krusei and 9 clinical samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Active substances of the tubers were extracted by fractiation method. Susceptibility of Candida against Cyclamen coum tuber extracts were investigated via MIC and MFC experiments.
Our results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract had no inhibitory effect on Candida strains, whereas the aqueous and n-butanolic extracts showed a considerable activity. MIC and MFC of these extracts were changed between 2- 32 µg/mL saponin for different Candida samples. Aglyconic aqueous phase of the extract had the most effective anticandida activity. Glycosidic and aglyconic aqueous extracts were less active on C. albicans strains and C. tropicalis , respectively.
tuber extract of cyclamen was rich in triterpenoid saponins and had antifungal effect. Sugar chain structure, type and concentration of the aglycones were effective on this activity.

Background & Superficial mycotic infections have been only poorly described in koalas and there are no reliable mycologically confirmed data regarding clinical isolation of dermatophytes in this animal.
We report of an 11-year-old female koala, kept in a zoo in Tokyo, Japan, and presenting with hyperkeratotic lesions and scaly plaques on forepaw claws and pads reminiscent of fungal infection. Direct microscopy of the scrapings was indicative of a dermatophyte infection. By culture and subsequent repeated subculturing of clinical specimens on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Mycobiotic agar, and Potato dextrose agar, two distinct strains with different colony morphotypes (designed as types I and II) were identified. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of the strains were suggestive of three different species, i.e. Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, and M. fulvum. However, partial sequencing of ITS-rRNA, translation elongation factor 1-α (Tef-1α), and beta tubulin (BT2) genes confirmed the identity of both isolates as M. gypseum. The animal was treated using a continuous terbinafine regimen, 250 mg/kg once daily for 12 weeks.
Disscusion: As far as we know this is the first proven case of dermatophytosis in a koala. The genetics underlying the variety of phenotypic traits in most classical dermatophyte species are unknown and more studies are needed to understand this phenomenon.