نشریه امنیت ملی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1393)

Given the concept of soft war, at the present a varied spectrum of views are seen which are somehow based on the former. For example, it could be pointed to theory of soft war which is needed to be analysed from a local perspective. Meanwhile, this research aims to study the typology of soft war in the holy Quran in order to invigorate the insight of the society for recognizing and countering the former. In this study, it is sought to delineate the types of soft war in the holy Quran through related interpretations. Elsewhere, the outcome of the study suggests that there are three types of soft war in the holy Quran including: political soft war (psychological measures, weakening the leadership of righteous wing, unity of the opposites, whispering campaign, penetration and disunity creation); social soft war (deception of public thought, tricks and demoralization) and cultural soft war (cultural invasion, dissemination of luxurism, dissemination of sexuality, religion-building, distortion of religion and countering culture). However, the survivability of divine religion to date and victory of monotheistic division versus heresy and paganism front in the history substantiates the victory of faith, unity and Velayat-following against the types and techniques applied by of null hood wing. In the final stage, it is revealed that access to self-recognition which is essential to theology and leads to foerecognition and insight to religion is a torch which the holy Quran presents to all believers.

This study aims to clarify the role of social security in national defense in view of different dimensions. Kataphatic discourse of hardware aspects further takes defense into consideration however apophatic discourse seeks to, besides balancing hardware and software fields, provide the possibility and capacity for countering hard threats through mitigating vulnerability. Social security is a part of national security which invigorates national identity and increases the mass confidence in the IRI2's officials. Meanwhile, this study aims to deal with the role which social security plays in the IRI's national defense. Doing so, it applies description-analysis method and gathers data on desk and questionnaire and analyses the data by means of SPSS Software. The outcome of the study suggests that social security affects all defensive spheres, i.e. invigoration of social security, on the one side, responds to the direct threats posed by the global arrogance for undermining national identity and decreasing mass confidence and on the other side, it is provided with increasing the IRI's soft power for defense in other spheres. More significantly, decreasing social security not only undermines soft power but it also weakens the IRI's hard one.

The conspicuous technologies in cyber space pose varied functions in the IRIB's development. To examine the functions, this study deals with two endogenous and exogenous dimensions of the IRIB's development. The function of cyber space technologies in endogenous development pursues development of land signal distribution and manifests itself in infrastructure, control, establishment and improvement of services and lastly leads to management of network, invigoration of national security and assurance. The functions are fundamentally expressed in development of production, distribution and services the outcome of which could be variety in the IRIB's programs demonstrated in cyber studios and networks such as Pooya, Nasim, Tamasha, Salamat, Ava, Nava and Ketab. In terms of development, the function of cyber technologies has been referred to as performance-basedness, increase of quality, enhancement of services and economization the outcomes of which have been the decrease of consumption goods, increase of services, and increase of quantity-quality of the programs offered to addressees. In relation to human resources and structure, the cyber technologies have played a creative, retrieval, training and omitting role which has resulted in enhancement of skills, digital satisfaction of staff, development of modern media services within and out of the media and has also led to appropriate information to addressees and delivery of proper digital audio-video services in cyber space. It is worth noting this study is conducted upon Fuzzy Delphi and its validity is verified at the end of second stage.

Any abnormality in the environment, either stemming from nature or human, could have severe consequences for human life and national environmental security. Each one of environmental problems including air pollution, fossil fuels, municipal and industrial wastes, etc, could somehow affect environmental security. Meanwhile, this study aims to determine environmental constituents which affect environmental security. Doing so, it poses the question: what are environmental constituents in respect, and what impacts could each one of them have on others and on the environment's security. Following, it gathers data through questionnaire and calculates the reliability by means of Cronbach's method. To analyse the data, it applies one-variable T Test and to sequence the significance, it applies Friedman Test, and also to predict the participation of each one of the 9 factors, it exploits linear regression. Finally, the direct and indirect impact of independent variables is revealed through the analysis. The outcome of the study suggests that social problems, production of dangerous wastes, public ignorance, change in land use, unsuccessful strategies, weak performance of responsible institutions, air pollution, and inappropriate dispersion of urban and industrial engineering are the environmental constituents which affect the environment's security. In conclusion, it is revealed that social problems (increase of the population living under subsistence level, inequality of incomes, unemployment, nutritional requirements and public ignorance) affect environment's security more than other factors.

Changes in universities may have a direct effect on the fate of societies. Universities have four pillars including academic management system, professors, students, educational methods and textbooks. "Cultural revolution" was an attempt, with some degrees of success, by the Islamic government to establish the necessary changes in these pillars. With the reopening of universities, especially after the imposed war, there was a gradual change in universities which may have a long term affect on the national security implications. This study, through functional method focusing on the structure of the agent, Reviews and explains the causes and consequences of the changes and their effects on national security issues. The main question of this study is review if changes in the education system have effects on national security. The research hypothesis is that changes in the education system pave the way for changes in Islamic system. Considering the changes in universities educational system and the academic community, two different trends of changes are observable. One of them, the stronger, is in line with Islamic tradition, but the other one, being weaker but seeming broader with more effect, is not.

Nowadays, social networks, as opportunities, play an important role in explaining the possible solutions, office organizing, enhancing employee's satisfaction and the success in achieving the goals at all levels of families and nations. Facebook network, with 800 million users, is a case in point. This is an applied research, based on purpose and in terms of data collection methods, it is considered a descriptive one. This is also a survey and considering a relationship between variables, it implies a causal relationship. In this study a novel model is developed to attract audience for virtual social networks. To this end, initially, attracting strategies in cyberspace were formulated and then prioritized using content analysis to analyze interviews with experts, professors and activists in this field. The data collected by electronic questionnaire was analyzed by factor analysis and structural equation modeling, showing that it is a fit model. The easiness, simplicity and enjoyment variables stand at the highest degree, of this virtual social network, in attracting Iranian users, whereas its usefulness stands at the lowest order.