فصلنامه آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، تابستان 1390)

Ketosis, with ethologically energy deficiency, is one of the commonest metabolic diseases of dairy cattle. Assessment of some serum hormonal and metabolic status can be beneficent in prediction and diagnosis of subclinical ketosis. This study is performed for evaluation and comparison of thyroid hormones, insulin and magnesium of subclinical ketosis and healthy cows. During 60 days in milk (DIM) serum Beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) and glucose levels of 200 dairy cattle have been measured. Based on 1.4 mmol/l of BHBA as a cut of point experimented animals separated to subclinical and healthy groups. Mean values of serum T3 and T4 of affected cows were significantly higher than non-affected (p<0.05). On the other hand, magnesium and insulin level of subclinically cases were significantly lower than control group (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). There was significant correlation coefficient between BHBA and insulin levels of ketosis cows (p<0.05, r=0.37). In conclusion, increasing levels of thyroid hormones and decreasing magnesium and insulin of subclinically affected cattle could be used for diagnosis and prediction of this kind of ketosis at the herd level.

Lighvan cheese is one of the traditional cheeses which have the most high quantity of use in Iran. It is produced in South East of Tabriz in North West of Iran. The raw milk of ewe together with 20% -30% of goat's milk, without yeast, are used for its production. Its taste is mild salty and its scent is pleasant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical indexes changes including salt percentage, the degree of acidity, pH, dry mater, ashes, and protein during the production and ripening. For this purpose, after coordinating with 10 local cheese producers, one batch from each producer and from each batch 20 tins, weighing 1 kg, which in total was 200 newly packaged cheese were purchased randomly. The tins were kept in special caves for 30 days in the region and then 60 days in refrigerator. In each batch sample of the raw milk, clot after rising and before salting, the cheese during the package time in tin and the cheese sample on 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90th days of ripining was analyzed chemically. The results of the study from the initial days of production to the end of the ripening period indicated the following changes: the rate of fat from 6.8 ± 0.25 in milk to 24.55±0.95 in samples, pH from 5.94± 0.06 in milk to 4.4±0.11 in samples, acidity from 39.4 ± 5.99 D° in milk to 119.4±5.38 in samples, rate of ash from 1.77±0.23 in milk to 8.09±2.32 in samples, the percentage of dry mater from 16.52±0.74 in milk to 43.57±1.34 in samples, and finally the percentage of protein from 4.45±1/12 in milk to 14.2±1.4 in samples. This result suggests that Lighvan cheese has unique characteristics in terms of its alteration procedure and chemical characteristics and based on the standard criterion in Iran, 2344-1, it is white cheese ripened brine in terms of chemical characteristics and fatty cheese in terms of the percentage of fat.

The aim of this study was in vitro evaluation of the effects of some common antibiotics in treatment of microbial infections in sheep on in vitro function of neutrophils. Purified neutrophils of sheep incubated with different levels of oxytetracyclin and enrofloxacin (0, 1, 10, 100 and 200 mcg/ml) and penicillin G (0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 IU/ml) antibiotics for one hour in room temperature. Phagocytosis and nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction (NBT) percentage tested in every sample. Mixed model (REML) was used as a statistical procedure. Data means compared by LSMEAN and p<0.01 considered statistically significant. The results showed that LSMEAN of phagocytosis and NBT percentage were not statistically significant in different levels of penicillin G. Phagocytosis and NBT percentage were statistically non-significant comparing to control group up to 10 and 200 mcg/ml (respectively) but, phagocytosis percentage from 100 mcg/ml to upper level and NBT percentage in 400 mcg/ml level were statistically significant (p<0.01). LSMEAN of phagocytosis percentage in 100 mcg/ml (and upper) decreased dramatically for oxytetracyclin (p<0.0001). With the exception of 0 and 1 mcg/ml of oxytetracyclin, other levels of oxytetracyclin decreased NBT percentage (p<0.0001). Then according to the negative effects of those mentioned antibiotics on neutrophil function, we can introduce penicillin G as an antibiotic with minimum inhibitory effects on neutrophil functions (in vitro). But range of non-risk level for oxytetracyclin on neutrophil function was <1 mcg/ml (that may be had not treating effect) then in this view, this drug is not recommended and it shouldn’t be a number one antibiotic.

In this study, 36 samples of sheep fetal at different and modal ages have been used. Sample after preparation and determination of age immediately fixed and anatomic and histological studies were done. In Histological studies in addition to conventional H&E staining, two staining that include Masson trichrome and verhuff staining was used. The yield results revealed that cornea is distinct in the second month of embryonic period and in the next ages spends the stages of growth. From the beginning in cornea formed in horizontal ellipse type so the internal curve of is larger than external curve. The growth process from the point of longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and corneas height from the border of sclera is ascending with the raising of age. Upper and lower eyelids was impacted in the early and late time of the second month and separated from together again in the third month of embryonic period. Third eyelid approximately appears in 120 days of age in the internal angle of the eye. Histology of external epithelial tissue growth observed from simple cubic to six layers stratified cubic form. Matrix has been strengthened from point of cells (fibroblast) and a filaments (collagen) with the rising of age. Increases in the elastic filaments are appreciable at the end of embryonic stages. Desmit membrane appears as limiting membrane in the early time of the second month of embryonic period in the beneath of internal epithelial tissue and also growth with rising of age. Desmit membrane has any elastic filaments. No Bowman layer or the external limiting membrane was seen in this animal. Tricrummasson staining confirms collagen filaments and verhuff staining confirm elastic filaments growth with rising of age.

Ascites syndrome is an abnormal increase of non-inflammatory transudate in one or more of the peritoneal cavities or potential spaces. Ascites syndrome is considered as a main problem in broiler raising industry. Hypoxia is the factor for increase pulmonary blood pressure because of ascites syndrome in broilers. In this study, 120 pieces Ross variety broilers and 120 pieces Arbor-acres broilers were divided into two groups involving three with forty parts repetition. Raising conditions such as temperature, hum density, nutrition, vaccination and water were the same. In order to increase sensitivity broilers to ascites syndrome, pellet and cold stress were applied. For doing so, from 7 un days 16ºc was applied, then temperature reached to 22ºc and fixed until raising period. Ascites syndrome incidence rate in Arbor-acres chicks was more than Ross chicks. Hematocrite parameter was increased in Arbor-acres chicks from third weeks relative to Ross broilers it is meaningful in 35th day (p<0.05). At the end of 42 days period, there is a no meaningful difference in hematocrite between two groups. There is a meaningful increase in growth of Arbor-acres broiler relative to Ross in weeks 4&6 (p<0.05), So, a meaningful difference was not considered in conversion coefficient between both breed.

Toxoplasmisis is one of the most prevalent and widespread parasitic infections in man and animals. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge about Toxoplasmosis among Tabriz university students. In total 449 students (54.8% female and 45.2% man) were participated in this survey by completing questionnaire. The results of this survey showed that knowledge about the disease among students of TabrizUniversity is low. These knowledge rates in male students were highly than female students (41% and 13.9% respectively). But this difference was not significant. The students of humanity sciences and agriculture have significantly more knowledge than other students about this disease (p<0.005). Also technician degree and bachelor students have more knowledge than other grades students about Toxoplasmosis. But this difference was not significant. The results of this survey showed than main information sources of students about Toxoplasmosis were book (25.7%) and internet (18.9%) and television (18.9%).

Regarding to the important of trachea in aves classification and whereas its anatomy and morphology for trachea doesn’t explain yet.This roesearch performed on the 16 healthy full grown male and female partridge (chukar chukar type) with age average 20 weeks in lorestan. The morphology characteristics which examined were include ؛body weight, Trachea weight, Length of neak, length of trachea,the number of trachea circles,examining the figure of circles,their perfection or imperfection,their longitudinal section figure, overlap, accumulation, arrangement, existence of Anullar ligament. Between circle, the connecting place of Sternotrachealis muscles over the trachea,the amount of trachea firmness against finger pressure.the mentional characteristics review by using microstroscop in sections cranial,middling and caudal in each bird separately. Also for distinguishing cartilage or bony tissue of circles choosen some part and painted with Hematoxilin-Eosin. The morphology datas analaysis with T test and Pierson Corollation and the painted slices studying with photic microscopes. All morphology particulary in male were more than female ones, but no one meaningful.partridge trachea containing between 0.21%- 0.24% of the body weight. There is an important relationship between trachea weight, body weight, the number of circles with the neak length and trachea length.trachea circles in partridge are between 102-114, complete, muscular,circlic ligament,resistant against pressure and in the transversal cut from front to back have elliptical and circlic pattern.

Chalcalburnus mossulensis from the Cyprinidae family is one of the indigenous fish in many water sources. Ligula intestinalis is one of the infective parasites of this fish. In this study, The effect of this parasite in some biological parameters of this fish like: Weight, Total length, Condition Index (I.C.) and Gonadosomatic Ratio (G.S.R.) was investigated. After random sampling, collected 300 samples from Gheshlagh Lake of Kordestan, Species and age of samples was detected. In 25% of samples the infection was seen. The result of this infection was the negative effect in all biological parameters (p<0.05). In other words, There is a significant difference between the means of biometrical parameters in infected and non infected samples. By considering the negative effects of this parasite on Cyprinidae family, It is necessary to control the spread of this parasite in different water sources.

Diabetes mellitus involves most physiological functions include hematopoiesis and immune system.  In this research, ten male German shepherd dogs with same age were provided; five dogs were considered as control and  five of them were considered as experimental groups; pre- and post- diabetes induction. The examinations were conducted to guarantee their health and absence of diabetes with Intra-venous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has been approved, according to Islamic Azad university animal ethics recommendations. Alloxan monohydrate with 100 mg/kg in was injected intravenously for experimental group. The blood samples were collected before and after diabetes induction (after 45 days). Next, leukocytes number includes neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil percents were measured. According to obtained results, eosinophil and basophil rates hadn’t significant changes after diabetes induction. But neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte percents had significant changes after diabetes induction; while neutrophils were 82.3% in diabetic dogs (in comparison with 72.38% for control and 69.53% for pre-diabetes). Lymphocyte and monocyte counts were lower in diabetic dogs when they are compared with pre-diabetic and control measures (lymphocyte: 22.79, 26.24 and 14.59% and monocyte 2.05, 2.58 and 1.81% respectively for control, pre- and post-diabetes groups. It is seem that diabetes-related lymphocytes dysfunction may caused considerable lymphocytes rise in diabetic dogs in comparison with control or pre-diabetes groups. It was concluded that diabetes induction in German shepherd dogs may caused lymphocyte and monocyte numbers and neutrophils rises. It is suggested that impaired glucose and glutamine metabolism in diabetic condition and high demands of neutrophils for these substances may cause neutrophils rises in diabetic dogs. It seems that further studies about possible reasons of leukocytes number changes in diabetic dogs are necessary.

Tuberculosis continues to be a common health problem worldwide. Isoniazid, an antibiotic used routinely for tuberculosis chemotherapy is documented to be a potent hepatotoxicant. The aim of the present study was to assess the antioxidant activity of Green tea extract (GTE) against Isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in the rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 10 animals each including 1- normal healthy control rats, 2- healthy rats receiving (GTE) 3- toxicant control, and 4- toxicant drug+ GTE treatment group. In groups 2 and 4 GTE (1.5%, w/v) was given as only source of drinking for 8 weeks. In the midst stage of experiment (4th and 5th weeks), Isonizid (50 mg/kg b.w./day, i.p.) was administrated for groups 3 and 4 for a period of 2 weeks. At the end of experiment, product of lipid peroxidation (MDA), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were assayed in liver homogenates to evaluate antioxidant activity. Significant differences among the groups were determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post-test. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. In Isoniazid-treated rats, GTE (1.5%, w/v) significantly decreased the lipid peroxidation and elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes. This study showed that the hepatoprotective effect of GTE in Isoniazd-induced oxidative damage may be related to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) level and reproductive performance in high yielding dairy cattle houses in Tabriz, Iran. Among 213 selected dairy cattle, 76 heads (35.7%) have MUN < 16.00mg/dl (mean = 15.38 mg/dl) and 137 heads (64.3%) have MUN > 16 mg/dl (mean = 17.46 mg/dl). Our results indicated that MUN level in 81 heads of dairy cattle (total 124 heads) with mastitis, dystocia, laminitis, uterine infections or placenta replacement was higher than 16 mg/dl. We only observed a significantly positive association between MUN levels and dystocia (p= 0.032), while the association between MUN levels and incidence of other diseases was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicated that MUN level significantly influences the reproductive parameters including days open, calving to first service, first service conception risk, and number of services per conception (p<0.001). We concluded that measurement of MUN level in dairy cattle may be an effective approach to assess the outcome of the nitrogenous ingredients of ratios and prediction of reproductive status in post parturition stage.