نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 30 (تابستان 1395)

Considering the importance of agricultural issues in adjacent lands to normal saline watersheds and its effect on plant growth and production, the present study was carried out in order to investigate the interaction effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth regulator of brassinolide on the possible reduction of adverse effect of salinity on wheat Pishtaz cultivar. The present research in a factorial randomized complete blocks design was conducted with four replications. Thus, mycorrhizal plants with Glomus mice (after ensuring mycorrhizal roots) and non-mycorrhizal 14 days by 24-epibrassinolide with zero and five micro molar concentration were foliar spray three times every other day. Then, they were irrigated by saline water originated from Urmia Lake and the electrical conductivity (EC) zero and 15 ds m per meter one time every three days. Finally, the 26-day-old plants were harvested and transported to the laboratory in order to perform some physiological measures. Findings showed an improvement in leaf area and reducing membrane leakage in separate fungal and brassinolide treatments. While the interaction effect of these two treatments only in the leaf area at the level of P

In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza fungi on ecophysiological characteristics of barley cultivars in response to inoculation with different strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence under rain fed conditions, this factorial experiment in randomized complete blocks design was conducted at Ardebil Islamic Azad University research farm. Experimental factors consisted of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae species (non-inoculated and inoculated), Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria srains (four stains of Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria S153, S169, S4, S8, and non-inoculated) and barley cultivars (Dasht and Sahra cultivars). In both cultivars the highest seed yield was obtained from application of mycorrhiza and strain S169 treatment (in Dasht cultivar with an average 1293 and in Sahra cultivar with an average 1752 kilogram per hectare). Also, in physiological traits, the highest amount of chlorophyll a was obtained from application of mycorrhiza fungi treatment and non-inoculated with bacteria in Sahra cultivar and chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and soluble sugar was obtained from application of mycorrhiza fungi treatment and inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria strain S153, in Sahra cultivar. The greatest amount of phosphorous grain was observed in mycorrhiza application treatment and inoculation with strain S153 in Dasht cultivar, while the most amount of grain nitrogen was obtained from treatment application of mycorrhiza fungi and inoculation with bacteria S4 strain in Sahra cultivar. Although, the strains used in this study had a different reaction to cultivar and application of mycorrhiza, but most of the measured traits were superior, compared to non-inoculated treatment with bacteria.

Although sink-source relation could be differed under drought tension conditions compared to optimum conditions, there are limited research with focus on this topic. In the present research, sink-source relation under drought tension conditions was investigated in a field experiment based on statistical randomized complete blocks design at College of Agriculture of Shiraz University during 2013-2014 cropping year. The treatments included irrigation regime at two levels normal irrigation and cutting off irrigation at flowering in main plots, Pishtaz, Chamran and Marvdasht wheat cultivars in sub plots and treatment of no defoliation and defoliation of all leaves except flag leaf at stem elongation and in flowering sub sub plots. The results showed that drought tension and defoliation decreased significantly ear length, grain number per ear, one-thousand grain weight, biological yield and grain yield as well as water productivity in all three cultivars. Delaying in leaf defoliation, reduced its negative impact on yield and yield components of wheat cultivars, so that defoliation at stem elongation and flowering stages was associated with 68.4 and 31.4 percent reduction in average of grain yield cultivars, respectively. Grain yield reduction in defoliation treatment at the time of stem elongation was due to reduction in grain number and in defoliation treatment at the time of flowering was due to grain weight reduction. Defoliation treatment, could compensate some losses in yield and yield components due to drought tension, in the other side, Chamran cultivar had the most tolerance to drought tension and defoliation; therefore, Chamran cultivar had better performance in such conditions. Due to higher tolerance of Chamran cultivar to drought tension and defoliation, use of this cultivar in the regions with wet limitations deserves long term explorations with more details.

Considering the importance of modify the source and reservoir, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks statistical design was carried out in four replications in order to investigate the effect of source limitation (leaf cut) on yield and growth characteristics of canola Hyola 401 cultivar in Golestan province. The first factor defoliation time on two-leaf, four-leaf, six-leaf, eight-leaf and ten-leaf stages (retaining the remaining leaves after this time) and the second factor no defoliation (as control treatment), removing 50 percent of the plant leaves and cut off 100 percent plant leaves. The effect of defoliation stage on days to flowering and flowering period was significant at one percentage level and on days to maturity was non-significant. Defoliation had a significant effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, one-thousand grain weight and grain yield. The highest grain yield in the treatment of no defoliation (control) and the lowest yield in treatment in the six-leaf stage were produced. The treatment no defoliation with the average of 2349 kilogram per hectare allocated the highest grain yield. The average grain yield in defoliation treatment at two-leaf stage was 2066 kilogram per hectare and defoliation in the six-leaf stage was 1885 kilogram per hectare. The results of the present research showed that the leaf area reduction caused by environmental and live tension especially at the beginning of the growing season and in periods of growth. In the absence of resource limitation, canola yield is increased due to increased levels of photosynthesis and increased production of assimilation.

In order to investigate the effect of drought tension after flowering on dry matter remobilization in 56 wheat genotype, the present experiment was conducted as rectangular lattice 8x7 with two replications during 2010-11 cropping year at research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah Razi University. Results showed that there was a significant difference at one percent level among genotypes in terms of grain yield and about 27.2 percent reduction in grain yield was observed in response to drought tension after flowering. Mean comparison of yield in different wheat genotypes showed that under humidity control conditions, Darab 2, Navid and UN-11 genotypes (760, 690 and 662 gram per meter square, respectively) had the highest and Rasad cultivar (419 gram per meter square) had the lowest grain yield and also under drought tension conditions after flowering, 330 and Moghan1 genotypes by 542 and 510 gram per meter square, respectively, had the highest and Shiroudi cultivar by 187 gram per meter square had the lowest grain yield. In terms of dry matter remobilization and remobilization efficiency, lower stem internodes compared to peduncle and penultimate internode, showed superiority. Under studied genotypes had a significant difference in remobilization and dry matter remobilization efficacy. According to the obtained results, it appears that remobilization efficiency has been affected under genetic and environment and probably higher production of dry matter at flowering stage would be resulted to higher dry matter remobilization to the grain.

In order to investigate the effect of integrated application of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers on some of the morphophysiological traits of rice Tarom Hashemi cultivar, the present experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with 8 treatments and three replications at a research field of Amol in 2013-14. Treatments of the experiment consisted of: T1: Control or no fertilizer application, T2: nitrogen fertilizer application, T3: manure fertilizer application, T4: Azospirillum bacteria application, T5: manure fertilizer Azospirillum, T6: nitrogen fertilizer manure fertilizer, T7: nitrogen fertilizer Azospirillum bacteria and T8: nitrogen fertilizer manure fertilizer Azospirillum bacteria. Results indicated that experimental treatments had a significant effect on all under studied traits. Treatment of T7, had the highest plant height and the most filled grain number per panicle. Treatments of T6 and T7 had the most panicle number per plant. The lowest sterile floret number per panicle was observed in treatments of T7 and T8. Among treatments, treatment of T5 allocated the most one-thousand grain weight (25.97 gram) and harvest index (65.30 percent). The highest panicle length was belonged to treatments of T4, T5 and T6. The highest biological yield (7812 kilogram per hectare) and nitrogen of straw (15.67 kilogram per hectare) was observed in T6 treatment. The highest amount of grain yield and nitrogen storage in grain with averages of 4298 and 58.34 kilogram per hectare was belonged to T8 treatment, respectively.

About 60 percent of the lands under bean cultivation in the world are in areas face with water shortage during the growth season. In order to investigate the influence of deficit irrigation (supply of 100, 80 and 60 percent of crop water requirement) on pinto bean genotypes(Sadri, C.O.S.16, KS21193 (Koosha193), Taylor Line and KS21486) the present experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete block design at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Shahrekord University during 2013-14. Results showed that reducing the amount of water used decreased succulence index and the amount of leaf water content of under investigated genotypes. In addition, canopy temperature increased due to reduction inthe amount of water irrigation. Stomatal conductance of both sides of all genotypes decreased due to reduction of the amount of using water.The highest grain yield in supply conditions of 100 and 80 percent of plant water requirement conditions, was obtained from C.O.S.16 (594.6 and 289.2 gram per meter square, respectively). In the supply conditions of 60 percent of water requirement conditions, KS21486 genotype allocated the highest grain yield (109.5 gram per meter square). There was a significant and inverse relationship between canopy temperature and grain yield in all the measured stages both before and after irrigation. Also, a positive and significant correlation between stomatal conductance bottom of leaves in all stages of measurement before irrigation with grain yield was observed. It seems that stomatal conductance indices, canopy temperature and stomatal index are good indicators for determination the effect drought tension in pinto bean and through the mentioned traits, identification of drought tolerant and sensitive genotypes would be easy.

Salicylic acid plays a role in regulation of various physiological processes and plant growth and development. In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and zinc on physiological traits of mung bean a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out. Vigna radiata seeds were planted in pots containing cultivated soil and after four-leaf stage various concentrations of zinc (0, 200,400 ppm) and salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) was sprayed. Results showed that zinc tension caused significantly reduction in root and shoot length, shoot and photosynthetic pigments fresh and dry weight, and significantly increasing in proline content and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity. Also, interaction of salicylic acid and zinc tension on all measured indices was statistically significant, except for polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and Guaiacol peroxidase. In the present research, salicylic acid treatment caused reduction of shortage effect of zinc and increasing of tolerance of mung bean.