نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 58 (تابستان 1402)

This experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in Ahvaz station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan province. The treatments included irrigation at two levels of drain water and pure water irrigation in the main plot, fertilizer compounds at six levels including control (no fertilizer), seed inoculation, seed inoculation and humic acid, seed inoculation and humic acid and growth promotion, seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high phosphorus and seed inoculation and humic acid, growth promotion and high potassium in sub-plot and sub-sub plot including three wheat cultivars of Mehregan, Shoosh, and Chamran 2. The results showed that grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and leaf proline content were significantly affected by irrigation treatment. It seems that the richness of drainage of minerals along with a significant increase in leaf proline as a mechanism of tolerance to adverse drainage irrigation conditions has been able to play a positive role in significantly increasing biological yield and grain yield under drainage irrigation conditions compared to Have irrigation with ordinary water.Also, grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike and grain protein were affected by fertilizer composition treatment and the highest increase in biological and grain yield compared to the control was obtained in seed treatment, humic acid and growth stimulant. In this study, biological yield and number of spikelets per spike were significantly different in the studied cultivars and Shush cultivar had relatively better yield than other cultivars.The results of correlation analysis showed that grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with fertile tiller number, number of spikelets per spike and biological yield. Although the interaction of treatments in this experiment was not significant, but Shush cultivar had better performance in terms of irrigation with drainage and treatment with a combination of seed fertilizer, humic acid and growth stimulant.

To evaluate the effect of row spacing, planting pattern and density on weed control and morpho physiological characteristics of corn (Zea may L.), the experimental was carried out factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the farm of Moghan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station in 2022. The first factor included row spacing in two levels (75 and 65 cm), the second factor was planting pattern in two levels (single row and zigzag twin row) and the third factor was planting density in two levels (75,000 and 85,000 plants per hectare). The results showed that the highest grain yield and leaf area belonged to the density of 75000 plants per hectare and the row spacing of 75 cm. The highest density and total biomass of weed was observed at density of 75,000 plants per hectare and row spacing of 75 cm, But the lowest density and total biomass of weed was obtained from the density of 85,000 plants per hectare and row spacing of 65 cm. The maximum cob diameter, cob wood diameter and leaf chlorophyll index were obtained at the density of 75,000 plants per hectare with the row spacing of 75 cm and the single row planting pattern. Correlation coefficients between traits showed that the correlation between grain yield with total weed biomass, cob diameter, cob wood diameter, seed depth and leaf chlorophyll index is positive and significant. Generally, the results of this research showed that with extending of twin row patterns with increased density of corn, it is possible to control weed through the competitive ability of the plant, it achieved an acceptable performance.

Today, with increasing agricultural production to meet the growing needs of the expanding population, concerns have been raised about the future of food supply for the people. Among the environmental barriers to plant growth and yield, drought is the most important factor in reducing production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and gibberellin consumption and drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean, experimental split factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications during two cropping years 2017 and 2018 in Malekshahi region of Ilam province. Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as the main factor and three levels of gibberellin including (control, seed, and foliar application) and three levels of mycorrhiza (control, seed and application soil). It was factorial. Comparison of the mean of the three interactions of drought stress and gibberellin and mycorrhiza hormones showed that in 30 mm water evaporation from gibberellin pan and foliar application of gibberellin and no mycorrhiza application, the highest grain yield was obtained at 22255.4 kg ha-1. The highest and lowest polyphenol oxidase in seed treatments of gibberellin acid under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of gibberellic acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values ​​of 0.87 and 0.44 μmol of distilled water per gram of fresh weight.The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase in mycorrhiza seed treatments under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of mycorrhiza and gibberellin acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values of 0.4 and 1.81 μm g-1 water weight, respectively. It was found that the difference between these was statistically significant.

In order to study the effect of using salicylic acid in inducing tolerance mechanisms to drought stress, a research was carried out in the field of Moghan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2014 and 2015 as a split factorial in three replications. The main factor includes irrigation treatments based on evaporation from class A evaporation pan (100, 135 and 170 mm evaporation) and secondary treatments including soybean genotypes (Williams, L17 and D42X19) and salicylic acid foliar spraying (0, 0.4 and 0.8 mM). The results of composite analysis showed that drought stress significantly reduced plant height, number of nodes per stem, days to flowering and days to maturity in soybean genotypes. Seed yield was reduced by 38% in moderate stress and 46% in severe stress compared to control. Drought stress and application of salicylic acid, especially at a concentration of 0.4 mM, increased the concentration of amino acids such lysine and methionine. The highest amount of lysine was observed in Williams genotype under severe stress conditions and the highest amount of methionine was observed in D42XI9 genotype under moderate stress conditions. The highest level of activity of polyphenol oxidase enzymes in D42XI9 genotype and the highest level of glutathione reductase enzyme activity in Williams genotype was observed under severe drought stress conditions. Foliar spraying with salicylic acid (0.4 mM) increased the activity of these enzymes in both stressed and non- conditions. Intensity of stress caused an increase in concentration trihalose. But the effect of stress on the amount of trihalose in Williams genotype was more than other genotypes. With the application of salicylic acid, the concentration of trihalose increased in all genotypes, and the effective concentration of salicylic acid to increase trihalose was 0.8 mM. Drought stress and application of salicylic acid increased flavonoid accumulation in all genotypes and especially in L17 genotype. Drought stress significantly reduced plant height, number of nodes, days to flowering, days to maturity and seed yield in soybean genotypes, while the use of 0.4 mM salicylic acid improved the above traits, especially in the Williams genotype. In this study, Williams showed less sensitivity to drought stress (12% more seed yield than L17 genotype and 6% more than D42XI9 genotype) due to higher antioxidant enzyme activity and higher seed yield compared to other genotypes, and the use of salicylic acid in non-stressed and stressed conditions increased seed yield in soybean genotypes.

To investigate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine and micronutrients of zinc and manganese on morpho-physiological traits of red bean plant under salinity stress conditions, an experiment as a factorial form in randomized complete design with three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch in 2019 was contacted. Experimental factors included salinity at control, 3, and 6 dS.m-1 levels, glycine betaine at application (50 mg/Lit) and non-application levels and micronutrients included zinc (50 mg/Lit), manganese (50 mg/Lit), and the combined usage (25+25 mg/Lit). The obtained results indicated that salinity stress reduced the plant height (30.31 percent), number of pods per plant (48.05 percent), number of seeds per plant (37.85 percent), seed total weight per plant (25.08 percent), SPAD index (42.98 percent), and seed protein percent (31.2 percent) and increased proline amount (43.37 percent). In general, the most effect in 6 dS.m-1 salinity was observed. The application of glycine betaine was associated with improved yield and yield components and increased SPAD index (17.28 percent), seed protein percent (6.78 percent), and proline (37.71 percent). Micronutrient foliar application showed the increasing of yield and yield components of red beans, SPAD index (29.7 percent), seed protein percent (20.67 percent), and proline (55.31 percent). In general, the most effect was obtained in the application of zinc with manganese. The results showed that the use of glycine betaine along with zinc and manganese increased proline and SPAD index increased salinity stress tolerance in red beans. It was also observed that the effect of micronutrients was greater than glycine betaine on red beans under salinity stress.

In order to study some elements uptake of three cultivars (genotype) of quinoa under the influence of different sources of organic fertilizers in comparison with the control (chemical fertilizers), an experiment was conducted in 2009-2010 crop season in Research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. This experiment was performed as a factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor includes different sources of compatible ecosystem inputs at six levels (1- Chemical control (NPK), 2- Vermicompost, 3- Sugarcane bagasse compost, 4- Conocarpus and green space waste compost, 5- Foliar application of acid Humic and 6- Biochar. The second factor included three cultivars of quinoa including 1- Titicaca, 2- Redcarina and 3- Q26. The results showed that the interaction effect of fertilizer treatment in cultivar on different traits was statistically significant. The highest nitrogen content of biomass and grain (0.8% and 2.7%) were observed in application of sugarcane bagasse compost and in Titicaca genotype and sugarcane bagasse compost application in Q26 genotype, respectively. Also, the lowest amount of biomass and seed nitrogen content was observed (0.6% and 2.5% respectively) in the condition of humic acid application in Tt kaka genotype and humic acid application in Redcarina genotype.The highest content of biomass and grain phosphorus (0.09 and 0.26 mg/kg dry matter) belonged to the application of sugarcane bagasse compost in Titicaca cultivar (and in vermicompost in Redcarina cultivar) and the application of vermicompost and biochar in Q26 genotype, respectively. Also, the lowest amount of phosphorus content of biomass and seed (0.047 and 0.15 mg/kg of dry matter), respectively, was observed under conditions of application of humic acid and in genotype Q26 and application of sugarcane bagasse compost in genotype Q26. The highest content of potassium biomass and grain (6.71 and 6. 5 mg/kg of dry matter) was observed in the application of sugarcane bagasse compost in Q26 genotype.